diff --git a/lib/User.php b/lib/User.php
index 2e13034..ad645f8 100644
--- a/lib/User.php
+++ b/lib/User.php
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace JKingWeb\Arsse;
 
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\User\Internal\Driver as InternalDriver;
+
 class User {
 
     public $id = null;
@@ -44,30 +46,13 @@ class User {
     public function auth(string $user, string $password): bool {
         $prevUser = $this->id ?? null;
         $this->id = $user;
-        switch ($this->u->driverFunctions("auth")) {
-            case User\Driver::FUNC_EXTERNAL:
-                if (Arsse::$conf->userPreAuth) {
-                    $out = true;
-                } else {
-                    $out = $this->u->auth($user, $password);
-                }
-                if ($out && !Arsse::$db->userExists($user)) {
-                    $this->autoProvision($user, $password);
-                }
-                break;
-            case User\Driver::FUNC_INTERNAL:
-                if (Arsse::$conf->userPreAuth) {
-                    if (!Arsse::$db->userExists($user)) {
-                        $this->autoProvision($user, $password);
-                    }
-                    $out = true;
-                } else {
-                    $out = $this->u->auth($user, $password);
-                }
-                break;
-            case User\Driver::FUNCT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED:
-                $out = false;
-                break;
+        if (Arsse::$conf->userPreAuth) {
+            $out = true;
+        } else {
+            $out = $this->u->auth($user, $password);
+        }
+        if ($out && !Arsse::$db->userExists($user)) {
+            $this->autoProvision($user, $password);
         }
         if (!$out) {
             $this->id = $prevUser;
@@ -75,118 +60,71 @@ class User {
         return $out;
     }
 
-    public function driverFunctions(string $function = null) {
-        return $this->u->driverFunctions($function);
-    }
-
     public function list(): array {
         $func = "userList";
-        switch ($this->u->driverFunctions($func)) {
-            case User\Driver::FUNC_EXTERNAL:
-                // we handle authorization checks for external drivers
-                if (!$this->authorize("", $func)) {
-                    throw new User\ExceptionAuthz("notAuthorized", ["action" => $func, "user" => ""]);
-                }
-                // no break
-            case User\Driver::FUNC_INTERNAL:
-                // internal functions handle their own authorization
-                return $this->u->userList($domain);
-            case User\Driver::FUNCT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED:
-                throw new User\ExceptionNotImplemented("notImplemented", ["action" => $func, "user" => $domain]);
+        if (!$this->authorize("", $func)) {
+            throw new User\ExceptionAuthz("notAuthorized", ["action" => $func, "user" => ""]);
         }
+        return $this->u->userList($domain);
     }
 
     public function exists(string $user): bool {
         $func = "userExists";
-        switch ($this->u->driverFunctions($func)) {
-            case User\Driver::FUNC_EXTERNAL:
-                // we handle authorization checks for external drivers
-                if (!$this->authorize($user, $func)) {
-                    throw new User\ExceptionAuthz("notAuthorized", ["action" => $func, "user" => $user]);
-                }
-                $out = $this->u->userExists($user);
-                if ($out && !Arsse::$db->userExists($user)) {
-                    $this->autoProvision($user, "");
-                }
-                return $out;
-            case User\Driver::FUNC_INTERNAL:
-                // internal functions handle their own authorization
-                return $this->u->userExists($user);
-            case User\Driver::FUNCT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED:
-                // throwing an exception here would break all kinds of stuff; we just report that the user exists
-                return true;
+        if (!$this->authorize($user, $func)) {
+            throw new User\ExceptionAuthz("notAuthorized", ["action" => $func, "user" => $user]);
+        }
+        $out = $this->u->userExists($user);
+        if (!$this->u instanceof InternalDriver) {
+            // if an alternative driver doesn't match the internal database, add or remove the user as appropriate
+            if (!$out && Arsse::$db->userExists($user)) {
+                Arsse::$db->userRemove($user);
+            } elseif ($out && !Arsse::$db->userExists($user)) {
+                $this->autoProvision($user, "");
+            }
         }
+        return $out;
     }
 
     public function add($user, $password = null): string {
         $func = "userAdd";
-        switch ($this->u->driverFunctions($func)) {
-            case User\Driver::FUNC_EXTERNAL:
-                // we handle authorization checks for external drivers
-                if (!$this->authorize($user, $func)) {
-                    throw new User\ExceptionAuthz("notAuthorized", ["action" => $func, "user" => $user]);
-                }
-                $newPassword = $this->u->userAdd($user, $password);
-                // if there was no exception and we don't have the user in the internal database, add it
-                if (!Arsse::$db->userExists($user)) {
-                    $this->autoProvision($user, $newPassword);
-                }
-                return $newPassword;
-            case User\Driver::FUNC_INTERNAL:
-                // internal functions handle their own authorization
-                return $this->u->userAdd($user, $password);
-            case User\Driver::FUNCT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED:
-                throw new User\ExceptionNotImplemented("notImplemented", ["action" => $func, "user" => $user]);
+        if (!$this->authorize($user, $func)) {
+            throw new User\ExceptionAuthz("notAuthorized", ["action" => $func, "user" => $user]);
         }
+        $newPassword = $this->u->userAdd($user, $password);
+        // if there was no exception and we don't have the user in the internal database, add it
+        if (!$this->u instanceof InternalDriver && !Arsse::$db->userExists($user)) {
+            $this->autoProvision($user, $newPassword);
+        }
+        return $newPassword;
     }
 
     public function remove(string $user): bool {
         $func = "userRemove";
-        switch ($this->u->driverFunctions($func)) {
-            case User\Driver::FUNC_EXTERNAL:
-                // we handle authorization checks for external drivers
-                if (!$this->authorize($user, $func)) {
-                    throw new User\ExceptionAuthz("notAuthorized", ["action" => $func, "user" => $user]);
-                }
-                $out = $this->u->userRemove($user);
-                if ($out && Arsse::$db->userExists($user)) {
-                    // if the user was removed and we have it in our data, remove it there
-                    if (!Arsse::$db->userExists($user)) {
-                        Arsse::$db->userRemove($user);
-                    }
-                }
-                return $out;
-            case User\Driver::FUNC_INTERNAL:
-                // internal functions handle their own authorization
-                return $this->u->userRemove($user);
-            case User\Driver::FUNCT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED:
-                throw new User\ExceptionNotImplemented("notImplemented", ["action" => $func, "user" => $user]);
+        if (!$this->authorize($user, $func)) {
+            throw new User\ExceptionAuthz("notAuthorized", ["action" => $func, "user" => $user]);
+        }
+        $out = $this->u->userRemove($user);
+        if ($out && !$this->u instanceof InternalDriver && Arsse::$db->userExists($user)) {
+            // if the user was removed and we have it in our data, remove it there
+            Arsse::$db->userRemove($user);
         }
+        return $out;
     }
 
     public function passwordSet(string $user, string $newPassword = null, $oldPassword = null): string {
         $func = "userPasswordSet";
-        switch ($this->u->driverFunctions($func)) {
-            case User\Driver::FUNC_EXTERNAL:
-                // we handle authorization checks for external drivers
-                if (!$this->authorize($user, $func)) {
-                    throw new User\ExceptionAuthz("notAuthorized", ["action" => $func, "user" => $user]);
-                }
-                $out = $this->u->userPasswordSet($user, $newPassword, $oldPassword);
-                if (Arsse::$db->userExists($user)) {
-                    // if the password change was successful and the user exists, set the internal password to the same value
-                    Arsse::$db->userPasswordSet($user, $out);
-                } else {
-                    // if the user does not exists in the internal database, create it
-                    $this->autoProvision($user, $out);
-                }
-                return $out;
-            case User\Driver::FUNC_INTERNAL:
-                // internal functions handle their own authorization
-                return $this->u->userPasswordSet($user, $newPassword);
-            case User\Driver::FUNCT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED:
-                throw new User\ExceptionNotImplemented("notImplemented", ["action" => $func, "user" => $user]);
+        if (!$this->authorize($user, $func)) {
+            throw new User\ExceptionAuthz("notAuthorized", ["action" => $func, "user" => $user]);
         }
+        $out = $this->u->userPasswordSet($user, $newPassword, $oldPassword);
+        if (!$this->u instanceof InternalDriver && Arsse::$db->userExists($user)) {
+            // if the password change was successful and the user exists, set the internal password to the same value
+            Arsse::$db->userPasswordSet($user, $out);
+        } elseif (!$this->u instanceof InternalDriver){
+            // if the user does not exists in the internal database, create it
+            $this->autoProvision($user, $out);
+        }
+        return $out;
     }
 
     protected function autoProvision(string $user, string $password = null): string {
diff --git a/lib/User/Driver.php b/lib/User/Driver.php
index 7b07dc4..fa23ef9 100644
--- a/lib/User/Driver.php
+++ b/lib/User/Driver.php
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ interface Driver {
     public function __construct();
     // returns a human-friendly name for the driver (for display in installer, for example)
     public static function driverName(): string;
-    // returns an array (or single queried member of same) of methods defined by this interface and whether the class implements the internal function or a custom version
-    public function driverFunctions(string $function = null);
     // authenticates a user against their name and password
     public function auth(string $user, string $password): bool;
     // checks whether a user exists
diff --git a/lib/User/Internal/Driver.php b/lib/User/Internal/Driver.php
index ad3e50d..25bcc74 100644
--- a/lib/User/Internal/Driver.php
+++ b/lib/User/Internal/Driver.php
@@ -7,32 +7,42 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\User\Internal;
 
 final class Driver implements \JKingWeb\Arsse\User\Driver {
-    use InternalFunctions;
-
-    protected $db;
-    protected $functions = [
-        "auth"                    => self::FUNC_INTERNAL,
-        "userList"                => self::FUNC_INTERNAL,
-        "userExists"              => self::FUNC_INTERNAL,
-        "userAdd"                 => self::FUNC_INTERNAL,
-        "userRemove"              => self::FUNC_INTERNAL,
-        "userPasswordSet"         => self::FUNC_INTERNAL,
-    ];
+    public function __construct() {
+    }
 
     public static function driverName(): string {
         return Arsse::$lang->msg("Driver.User.Internal.Name");
     }
 
-    public function driverFunctions(string $function = null) {
-        if ($function===null) {
-            return $this->functions;
+    public function auth(string $user, string $password): bool {
+        try {
+            $hash = Arsse::$db->userPasswordGet($user);
+        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            return false;
         }
-        if (array_key_exists($function, $this->functions)) {
-            return $this->functions[$function];
-        } else {
-            return self::FUNC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
+        if ($password==="" && $hash==="") {
+            return true;
         }
+        return password_verify($password, $hash);
+    }
+
+    public function userExists(string $user): bool {
+        return Arsse::$db->userExists($user);
+    }
+
+    public function userAdd(string $user, string $password = null): string {
+        return Arsse::$db->userAdd($user, $password);
     }
 
-    // see InternalFunctions.php for bulk of methods
+    public function userRemove(string $user): bool {
+        return Arsse::$db->userRemove($user);
+    }
+
+    public function userList(): array {
+        return Arsse::$db->userList();
+    }
+
+    public function userPasswordSet(string $user, string $newPassword = null, string $oldPassword = null): string {
+        return Arsse::$db->userPasswordSet($user, $newPassword);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/lib/User/Internal/InternalFunctions.php b/lib/User/Internal/InternalFunctions.php
deleted file mode 100644
index e834b3d..0000000
--- a/lib/User/Internal/InternalFunctions.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-/** @license MIT
- * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
- * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\User\Internal;
-
-use JKingWeb\Arsse\Arsse;
-use JKingWeb\Arsse\User\Exception;
-
-trait InternalFunctions {
-    protected $actor = [];
-
-    public function __construct() {
-    }
-
-    public function auth(string $user, string $password): bool {
-        try {
-            $hash = Arsse::$db->userPasswordGet($user);
-        } catch (Exception $e) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        if ($password==="" && $hash==="") {
-            return true;
-        }
-        return password_verify($password, $hash);
-    }
-
-    public function userExists(string $user): bool {
-        return Arsse::$db->userExists($user);
-    }
-
-    public function userAdd(string $user, string $password = null): string {
-        return Arsse::$db->userAdd($user, $password);
-    }
-
-    public function userRemove(string $user): bool {
-        return Arsse::$db->userRemove($user);
-    }
-
-    public function userList(): array {
-        return Arsse::$db->userList();
-    }
-
-    public function userPasswordSet(string $user, string $newPassword = null, string $oldPassword = null): string {
-        return Arsse::$db->userPasswordSet($user, $newPassword);
-    }
-}