diff --git a/CHANGELOG b/CHANGELOG
index 7330065..6606a7d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG
+++ b/CHANGELOG
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 Version 0.3.0 (2018-??-??)
 ==========================
 
+New features:
+- Support for SQLite3 via PDO
+
 Changes:
 - Make date strings in TTRSS explicitly UTC
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3e94eae..67bc369 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ The Arsse has the following requirements:
 - PHP 7.0.7 or later with the following extensions:
     - [intl](http://php.net/manual/en/book.intl.php), [json](http://php.net/manual/en/book.json.php), [hash](http://php.net/manual/en/book.hash.php), and [pcre](http://php.net/manual/en/book.pcre.php)
     - [dom](http://php.net/manual/en/book.dom.php), [simplexml](http://php.net/manual/en/book.simplexml.php), and [iconv](http://php.net/manual/en/book.iconv.php) (for picoFeed)
-    - [sqlite3](http://php.net/manual/en/book.sqlite3.php)
+    - [sqlite3](http://php.net/manual/en/book.sqlite3.php) or [pdo_sqlite](http://ca1.php.net/manual/en/ref.pdo-sqlite.php)
 - Privileges to create and run daemon processes on the server
 
 ## Installation
diff --git a/RoboFile.php b/RoboFile.php
index ba93602..d0d1d24 100644
--- a/RoboFile.php
+++ b/RoboFile.php
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class RoboFile extends \Robo\Tasks {
      * See help for the "test" task for more details.
     */
     public function testQuick(array $args): Result {
-        return $this->test(array_merge(["--exclude-group","slow"], $args));
+        return $this->test(array_merge(["--exclude-group", "slow,optional"], $args));
     }
 
     /** Produces a code coverage report
diff --git a/lib/Database.php b/lib/Database.php
index ea39f21..c5c4e65 100644
--- a/lib/Database.php
+++ b/lib/Database.php
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class Database {
 
     public function __construct($initialize = true) {
         $driver = Arsse::$conf->dbDriver;
-        $this->db = new $driver();
+        $this->db = $driver::create();
         $ver = $this->db->schemaVersion();
         if ($initialize && $ver < self::SCHEMA_VERSION) {
             $this->db->schemaUpdate(self::SCHEMA_VERSION);
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ class Database {
         return $f;
     }
 
-    protected function folderValidateMove(string $user, int $id = null, $parent = null, string $name = null) {
+    protected function folderValidateMove(string $user, $id = null, $parent = null, string $name = null) {
         $errData = ["action" => $this->caller(), "field" => "parent", 'id' => $parent];
         if (!$id) {
             // the root cannot be moved
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ class Database {
         return $parent;
     }
 
-    protected function folderValidateName($name, bool $checkDuplicates = false, int $parent = null): bool {
+    protected function folderValidateName($name, bool $checkDuplicates = false, $parent = null): bool {
         $info = ValueInfo::str($name);
         if ($info & (ValueInfo::NULL | ValueInfo::EMPTY)) {
             throw new Db\ExceptionInput("missing", ["action" => $this->caller(), "field" => "name"]);
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ class Database {
             // add a suitable WHERE condition
             $q->setWhere("folder in (select folder from folders)");
         }
-        return $this->db->prepare($q->getQuery(), $q->getTypes())->run($q->getValues())->getValue();
+        return (int) $this->db->prepare($q->getQuery(), $q->getTypes())->run($q->getValues())->getValue();
     }
 
     public function subscriptionRemove(string $user, $id): bool {
@@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@ class Database {
             $q = $this->articleQuery($user, $context);
             $q->pushCTE("selected_articles");
             $q->setBody("SELECT count(*) from selected_articles");
-            return $this->db->prepare($q->getQuery(), $q->getTypes())->run($q->getValues())->getValue();
+            return (int) $this->db->prepare($q->getQuery(), $q->getTypes())->run($q->getValues())->getValue();
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/lib/Db/AbstractDriver.php b/lib/Db/AbstractDriver.php
index 74fc25d..2cd8969 100644
--- a/lib/Db/AbstractDriver.php
+++ b/lib/Db/AbstractDriver.php
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@
 declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\Db;
 
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Arsse;
+
 abstract class AbstractDriver implements Driver {
     protected $locked = false;
     protected $transDepth = 0;
     protected $transStatus = [];
 
-    abstract public function prepareArray(string $query, array $paramTypes): Statement;
-    abstract protected function lock(): bool;
-    abstract protected function unlock(bool $rollback = false) : bool;
+    abstract protected function getError(): string;
 
     /** @codeCoverageIgnore */
     public function schemaVersion(): int {
@@ -25,6 +25,54 @@ abstract class AbstractDriver implements Driver {
         }
     }
 
+    public function schemaUpdate(int $to, string $basePath = null): bool {
+        $ver = $this->schemaVersion();
+        if (!Arsse::$conf->dbAutoUpdate) {
+            throw new Exception("updateManual", ['version' => $ver, 'driver_name' => $this->driverName()]);
+        } elseif ($ver >= $to) {
+            throw new Exception("updateTooNew", ['difference' => ($ver - $to), 'current' => $ver, 'target' => $to, 'driver_name' => $this->driverName()]);
+        }
+        $sep = \DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+        $path = ($basePath ?? \JKingWeb\Arsse\BASE."sql").$sep.static::schemaID().$sep;
+        // lock the database
+        $this->savepointCreate(true);
+        for ($a = $this->schemaVersion(); $a < $to; $a++) {
+            $this->savepointCreate();
+            try {
+                $file = $path.$a.".sql";
+                if (!file_exists($file)) {
+                    throw new Exception("updateFileMissing", ['file' => $file, 'driver_name' => $this->driverName(), 'current' => $a]);
+                } elseif (!is_readable($file)) {
+                    throw new Exception("updateFileUnreadable", ['file' => $file, 'driver_name' => $this->driverName(), 'current' => $a]);
+                }
+                $sql = @file_get_contents($file);
+                if ($sql===false) {
+                    throw new Exception("updateFileUnusable", ['file' => $file, 'driver_name' => $this->driverName(), 'current' => $a]); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                } elseif ($sql==="") {
+                    throw new Exception("updateFileIncomplete", ['file' => $file, 'driver_name' => $this->driverName(), 'current' => $a]);
+                }
+                try {
+                    $this->exec($sql);
+                } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+                    throw new Exception("updateFileError", ['file' => $file, 'driver_name' => $this->driverName(), 'current' => $a, 'message' => $this->getError()]);
+                }
+                if ($this->schemaVersion() != $a+1) {
+                    throw new Exception("updateFileIncomplete", ['file' => $file, 'driver_name' => $this->driverName(), 'current' => $a]);
+                }
+            } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+                // undo any partial changes from the failed update
+                $this->savepointUndo();
+                // commit any successful updates if updating by more than one version
+                $this->savepointRelease();
+                // throw the error received
+                throw $e;
+            }
+            $this->savepointRelease();
+        }
+        $this->savepointRelease();
+        return true;
+    }
+
     public function begin(bool $lock = false): Transaction {
         return new Transaction($this, $lock);
     }
diff --git a/lib/Db/AbstractStatement.php b/lib/Db/AbstractStatement.php
index 1269a60..57185ee 100644
--- a/lib/Db/AbstractStatement.php
+++ b/lib/Db/AbstractStatement.php
@@ -7,29 +7,31 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\Db;
 
 use JKingWeb\Arsse\Misc\Date;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Misc\ValueInfo;
 
 abstract class AbstractStatement implements Statement {
     protected $types = [];
     protected $isNullable = [];
 
     abstract public function runArray(array $values = []): Result;
+    abstract protected function bindValue($value, string $type, int $position): bool;
 
     public function run(...$values): Result {
         return $this->runArray($values);
     }
 
-    public function rebind(...$bindings): bool {
-        return $this->rebindArray($bindings);
+    public function retype(...$bindings): bool {
+        return $this->retypeArray($bindings);
     }
 
-    public function rebindArray(array $bindings, bool $append = false): bool {
+    public function retypeArray(array $bindings, bool $append = false): bool {
         if (!$append) {
             $this->types = [];
         }
         foreach ($bindings as $binding) {
             if (is_array($binding)) {
                 // recursively flatten any arrays, which may be provided for SET or IN() clauses
-                $this->rebindArray($binding, true);
+                $this->retypeArray($binding, true);
             } else {
                 $binding = trim(strtolower($binding));
                 if (strpos($binding, "strict ")===0) {
@@ -50,43 +52,42 @@ abstract class AbstractStatement implements Statement {
 
     protected function cast($v, string $t, bool $nullable) {
         switch ($t) {
-            case "date":
-                if (is_null($v) && !$nullable) {
-                    $v = 0;
-                }
-                return Date::transform($v, "date");
-            case "time":
-                if (is_null($v) && !$nullable) {
-                    $v = 0;
-                }
-                return Date::transform($v, "time");
             case "datetime":
+                $v = Date::transform($v, "sql");
                 if (is_null($v) && !$nullable) {
                     $v = 0;
+                    $v = Date::transform($v, "sql");
                 }
-                return Date::transform($v, "sql");
-            case "null":
+                return $v;
             case "integer":
+                return ValueInfo::normalize($v, ValueInfo::T_INT | ($nullable ? ValueInfo::M_NULL : 0), null, "sql");
             case "float":
+                return ValueInfo::normalize($v, ValueInfo::T_FLOAT | ($nullable ? ValueInfo::M_NULL : 0), null, "sql");
             case "binary":
             case "string":
+                return ValueInfo::normalize($v, ValueInfo::T_STRING | ($nullable ? ValueInfo::M_NULL : 0), null, "sql");
             case "boolean":
-                if ($t=="binary") {
-                    $t = "string";
-                }
-                if ($v instanceof \DateTimeInterface) {
-                    if ($t=="string") {
-                        return Date::transform($v, "sql");
-                    } else {
-                        $v = $v->getTimestamp();
-                        settype($v, $t);
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    settype($v, $t);
-                }
-                return $v;
+                $v = ValueInfo::normalize($v, ValueInfo::T_BOOL | ($nullable ? ValueInfo::M_NULL : 0), null, "sql");
+                return is_null($v) ? $v : (int) $v;
             default:
                 throw new Exception("paramTypeUnknown", $type); // @codeCoverageIgnore
         }
     }
+
+    protected function bindValues(array $values, int $offset = 0): int {
+        $a = $offset;
+        foreach ($values as $value) {
+            if (is_array($value)) {
+                // recursively flatten any arrays, which may be provided for SET or IN() clauses
+                $a += $this->bindValues($value, $a);
+            } elseif (array_key_exists($a, $this->types)) {
+                $value = $this->cast($value, $this->types[$a], $this->isNullable[$a]);
+                $this->bindValue($value, $this->types[$a], $a+1);
+                $a++;
+            } else {
+                throw new Exception("paramTypeMissing", $a+1);
+            }
+        }
+        return $a - $offset;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/lib/Db/Driver.php b/lib/Db/Driver.php
index 5485458..bf3bb28 100644
--- a/lib/Db/Driver.php
+++ b/lib/Db/Driver.php
@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@ interface Driver {
     const TR_PEND_COMMIT = -1;
     const TR_PEND_ROLLBACK = -2;
     
-    public function __construct();
+    public static function create(): Driver;
     // returns a human-friendly name for the driver (for display in installer, for example)
     public static function driverName(): string;
     // returns the version of the scheme of the opened database; if uninitialized should return 0
     public function schemaVersion(): int;
+    // returns the schema set to be used for database set-up
+    public static function schemaID(): string;
     // return a Transaction object
     public function begin(bool $lock = false): Transaction;
     // manually begin a real or synthetic transactions, with real or synthetic nesting
diff --git a/lib/Db/PDODriver.php b/lib/Db/PDODriver.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6ec0d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/Db/PDODriver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\Db;
+
+trait PDODriver {
+    use PDOError;
+
+    public function exec(string $query): bool {
+        try {
+            $this->db->exec($query);
+            return true;
+        } catch (\PDOException $e) {
+            list($excClass, $excMsg, $excData) = $this->exceptionBuild();
+            throw new $excClass($excMsg, $excData);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function query(string $query): Result {
+        try {
+            $r = $this->db->query($query);
+        } catch (\PDOException $e) {
+            list($excClass, $excMsg, $excData) = $this->exceptionBuild();
+            throw new $excClass($excMsg, $excData);
+        }
+        $changes = $r->rowCount();
+        try {
+            $lastId = 0;
+            $lastId = $this->db->lastInsertId();
+        } catch (\PDOException $e) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+        return new PDOResult($r, [$changes, $lastId]);
+    }
+
+    public function prepareArray(string $query, array $paramTypes): Statement {
+        try {
+            $s = $this->db->prepare($query);
+        } catch (\PDOException $e) {
+            list($excClass, $excMsg, $excData) = $this->exceptionBuild();
+            throw new $excClass($excMsg, $excData);
+        }
+        return new PDOStatement($this->db, $s, $paramTypes);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/lib/Db/PDOError.php b/lib/Db/PDOError.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37341e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/Db/PDOError.php
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\Db;
+
+trait PDOError {
+    public function exceptionBuild() {
+        if ($this instanceof Statement) {
+            $err = $this->st->errorInfo();
+        } else {
+            $err = $this->db->errorInfo();
+        }
+        switch ($err[0]) {
+            case "23000":
+                return [ExceptionInput::class, "constraintViolation", $err[2]];
+            case "HY000":
+                // engine-specific errors
+                switch ($this->db->getAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_DRIVER_NAME)) {
+                    case "sqlite":
+                        switch ($err[1]) {
+                            case \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\Driver::SQLITE_BUSY:
+                                return [ExceptionTimeout::class, 'general', $err[2]];
+                            case \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\Driver::SQLITE_MISMATCH:
+                                return [ExceptionInput::class, 'engineTypeViolation', $err[2]];
+                            default:
+                                return [Exception::class, "engineErrorGeneral", $err[1]." - ".$err[2]];
+                        }
+                        // no break
+                    default:
+                        return [Exception::class, "engineErrorGeneral", $err[2]]; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                }
+                // no break
+            default:
+                return [Exception::class, "engineErrorGeneral", $err[0].": ".$err[2]]; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function getError(): string {
+        return (string) $this->db->errorInfo()[2];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/lib/Db/PDOResult.php b/lib/Db/PDOResult.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32400e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/Db/PDOResult.php
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\Db;
+
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\Exception;
+
+class PDOResult extends AbstractResult {
+    protected $set;
+    protected $cur = null;
+    protected $rows = 0;
+    protected $id = 0;
+
+    // actual public methods
+
+    public function changes() {
+        return $this->rows;
+    }
+
+    public function lastId() {
+        return $this->id;
+    }
+
+    // constructor/destructor
+
+    public function __construct(\PDOStatement $result, array $changes = [0,0]) {
+        $this->set = $result;
+        $this->rows = (int) $changes[0];
+        $this->id = (int) $changes[1];
+    }
+
+    public function __destruct() {
+        try {
+            $this->set->closeCursor();
+        } catch (\PDOException $e) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+        unset($this->set);
+    }
+
+    // PHP iterator methods
+
+    public function valid() {
+        $this->cur = $this->set->fetch(\PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
+        return ($this->cur !== false);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/lib/Db/PDOStatement.php b/lib/Db/PDOStatement.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfd9cef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/Db/PDOStatement.php
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\Db;
+
+class PDOStatement extends AbstractStatement {
+    use PDOError;
+
+    const BINDINGS = [
+        "integer"   => \PDO::PARAM_INT,
+        "float"     => \PDO::PARAM_STR,
+        "datetime"  => \PDO::PARAM_STR,
+        "binary"    => \PDO::PARAM_LOB,
+        "string"    => \PDO::PARAM_STR,
+        "boolean"   => \PDO::PARAM_BOOL,
+    ];
+
+    protected $st;
+    protected $db;
+
+    public function __construct(\PDO $db, \PDOStatement $st, array $bindings = []) {
+        $this->db = $db;
+        $this->st = $st;
+        $this->retypeArray($bindings);
+    }
+
+    public function __destruct() {
+        unset($this->st);
+    }
+
+    public function runArray(array $values = []): \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\Result {
+        $this->st->closeCursor();
+        $this->bindValues($values);
+        try {
+            $this->st->execute();
+        } catch (\PDOException $e) {
+            list($excClass, $excMsg, $excData) = $this->exceptionBuild();
+            throw new $excClass($excMsg, $excData);
+        }
+        $changes = $this->st->rowCount();
+        try {
+            $lastId = 0;
+            $lastId = $this->db->lastInsertId();
+        } catch (\PDOException $e) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+        return new PDOResult($this->st, [$changes, $lastId]);
+    }
+
+    protected function bindValue($value, string $type, int $position): bool {
+        return $this->st->bindValue($position, $value, is_null($value) ? \PDO::PARAM_NULL : self::BINDINGS[$type]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/lib/Db/SQLite3/Driver.php b/lib/Db/SQLite3/Driver.php
index 7c78c78..5b94bc0 100644
--- a/lib/Db/SQLite3/Driver.php
+++ b/lib/Db/SQLite3/Driver.php
@@ -22,17 +22,14 @@ class Driver extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\AbstractDriver {
 
     public function __construct(string $dbFile = null) {
         // check to make sure required extension is loaded
-        if (!class_exists("SQLite3")) {
+        if (!self::requirementsMet()) {
             throw new Exception("extMissing", self::driverName()); // @codeCoverageIgnore
         }
         // if no database file is specified in the configuration, use a suitable default
         $dbFile = $dbFile ?? Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File ?? \JKingWeb\Arsse\BASE."arsse.db";
-        $mode = \SQLITE3_OPEN_READWRITE | \SQLITE3_OPEN_CREATE;
         $timeout = Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3Timeout * 1000;
         try {
-            $this->db = $this->makeConnection($dbFile, $mode, Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3Key);
-            // enable exceptions
-            $this->db->enableExceptions(true);
+            $this->makeConnection($dbFile, Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3Key);
             // set the timeout; parameters are not allowed for pragmas, but this usage should be safe
             $this->exec("PRAGMA busy_timeout = $timeout");
             // set other initial options
@@ -60,8 +57,14 @@ class Driver extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\AbstractDriver {
         }
     }
 
-    protected function makeConnection(string $file, int $opts, string $key) {
-        return new \SQLite3($file, $opts, $key);
+    public static function requirementsMet(): bool {
+        return class_exists("SQLite3");
+    }
+
+    protected function makeConnection(string $file, string $key) {
+        $this->db = new \SQLite3($file, \SQLITE3_OPEN_READWRITE | \SQLITE3_OPEN_CREATE, $key);
+        // enable exceptions
+        $this->db->enableExceptions(true);
     }
 
     public function __destruct() {
@@ -72,60 +75,42 @@ class Driver extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\AbstractDriver {
         unset($this->db);
     }
 
+    /** @codeCoverageIgnore */
+    public static function create(): \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\Driver {
+        if (self::requirementsMet()) {
+            return new self;
+        } elseif (PDODriver::requirementsMet()) {
+            return new PDODriver;
+        } else {
+            throw new Exception("extMissing", self::driverName());
+        }
+    }
+
 
     public static function driverName(): string {
         return Arsse::$lang->msg("Driver.Db.SQLite3.Name");
     }
 
+    public static function schemaID(): string {
+        return "SQLite3";
+    }
+
     public function schemaVersion(): int {
-        return $this->query("PRAGMA user_version")->getValue();
+        return (int) $this->query("PRAGMA user_version")->getValue();
     }
 
     public function schemaUpdate(int $to, string $basePath = null): bool {
-        $ver = $this->schemaVersion();
-        if (!Arsse::$conf->dbAutoUpdate) {
-            throw new Exception("updateManual", ['version' => $ver, 'driver_name' => $this->driverName()]);
-        } elseif ($ver >= $to) {
-            throw new Exception("updateTooNew", ['difference' => ($ver - $to), 'current' => $ver, 'target' => $to, 'driver_name' => $this->driverName()]);
-        }
-        $sep = \DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
-        $path = ($basePath ?? \JKingWeb\Arsse\BASE."sql").$sep."SQLite3".$sep;
         // turn off foreign keys
         $this->exec("PRAGMA foreign_keys = no");
-        // lock the database
-        $this->savepointCreate(true);
-        for ($a = $this->schemaVersion(); $a < $to; $a++) {
-            $this->savepointCreate();
-            try {
-                $file = $path.$a.".sql";
-                if (!file_exists($file)) {
-                    throw new Exception("updateFileMissing", ['file' => $file, 'driver_name' => $this->driverName(), 'current' => $a]);
-                } elseif (!is_readable($file)) {
-                    throw new Exception("updateFileUnreadable", ['file' => $file, 'driver_name' => $this->driverName(), 'current' => $a]);
-                }
-                $sql = @file_get_contents($file);
-                if ($sql===false) {
-                    throw new Exception("updateFileUnusable", ['file' => $file, 'driver_name' => $this->driverName(), 'current' => $a]); // @codeCoverageIgnore
-                }
-                try {
-                    $this->exec($sql);
-                } catch (\Throwable $e) {
-                    throw new Exception("updateFileError", ['file' => $file, 'driver_name' => $this->driverName(), 'current' => $a, 'message' => $this->getError()]);
-                }
-                if ($this->schemaVersion() != $a+1) {
-                    throw new Exception("updateFileIncomplete", ['file' => $file, 'driver_name' => $this->driverName(), 'current' => $a]);
-                }
-            } catch (\Throwable $e) {
-                // undo any partial changes from the failed update
-                $this->savepointUndo();
-                // commit any successful updates if updating by more than one version
-                $this->savepointRelease();
-                // throw the error received
-                throw $e;
-            }
-            $this->savepointRelease();
+        // run the generic updater
+        try {
+            parent::schemaUpdate($to, $basePath);
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            // turn foreign keys back on
+            $this->exec("PRAGMA foreign_keys = yes");
+            // pass the exception up
+            throw $e;
         }
-        $this->savepointRelease();
         // turn foreign keys back on
         $this->exec("PRAGMA foreign_keys = yes");
         return true;
diff --git a/lib/Db/SQLite3/PDODriver.php b/lib/Db/SQLite3/PDODriver.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42e1cf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/Db/SQLite3/PDODriver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3;
+
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Arsse;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\Exception;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\ExceptionInput;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\ExceptionTimeout;
+
+class PDODriver extends Driver {
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\PDODriver;
+
+    protected $db;
+
+    public static function requirementsMet(): bool {
+        return class_exists("PDO") && in_array("sqlite", \PDO::getAvailableDrivers());
+    }
+
+    protected function makeConnection(string $file, string $key) {
+        $this->db = new \PDO("sqlite:".$file, "", "", [\PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => \PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION]);
+    }
+
+    public function __destruct() {
+        unset($this->db);
+    }
+
+    /** @codeCoverageIgnore */
+    public static function create(): \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\Driver {
+        if (self::requirementsMet()) {
+            return new self;
+        } elseif (Driver::requirementsMet()) {
+            return new Driver;
+        } else {
+            throw new Exception("extMissing", self::driverName());
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    public static function driverName(): string {
+        return Arsse::$lang->msg("Driver.Db.SQLite3PDO.Name");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/lib/Db/SQLite3/Statement.php b/lib/Db/SQLite3/Statement.php
index 34228ef..ab07b47 100644
--- a/lib/Db/SQLite3/Statement.php
+++ b/lib/Db/SQLite3/Statement.php
@@ -17,11 +17,8 @@ class Statement extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\AbstractStatement {
     const SQLITE_CONSTRAINT = 19;
     const SQLITE_MISMATCH = 20;
     const BINDINGS = [
-        "null"      => \SQLITE3_NULL,
         "integer"   => \SQLITE3_INTEGER,
         "float"     => \SQLITE3_FLOAT,
-        "date"      => \SQLITE3_TEXT,
-        "time"      => \SQLITE3_TEXT,
         "datetime"  => \SQLITE3_TEXT,
         "binary"    => \SQLITE3_BLOB,
         "string"    => \SQLITE3_TEXT,
@@ -34,7 +31,7 @@ class Statement extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\AbstractStatement {
     public function __construct(\SQLite3 $db, \SQLite3Stmt $st, array $bindings = []) {
         $this->db = $db;
         $this->st = $st;
-        $this->rebindArray($bindings);
+        $this->retypeArray($bindings);
     }
 
     public function __destruct() {
@@ -59,34 +56,7 @@ class Statement extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\AbstractStatement {
         return new Result($r, [$changes, $lastId], $this);
     }
 
-    protected function bindValues(array $values, int $offset = 0): int {
-        $a = $offset;
-        foreach ($values as $value) {
-            if (is_array($value)) {
-                // recursively flatten any arrays, which may be provided for SET or IN() clauses
-                $a += $this->bindValues($value, $a);
-            } elseif (array_key_exists($a, $this->types)) {
-                // if the parameter type is something other than the known values, this is an error
-                assert(array_key_exists($this->types[$a], self::BINDINGS), new Exception("paramTypeUnknown", $this->types[$a]));
-                // if the parameter type is null or the value is null (and the type is nullable), just bind null
-                if ($this->types[$a]=="null" || ($this->isNullable[$a] && is_null($value))) {
-                    $this->st->bindValue($a+1, null, \SQLITE3_NULL);
-                } else {
-                    // otherwise cast the value to the right type and bind the result
-                    $type = self::BINDINGS[$this->types[$a]];
-                    $value = $this->cast($value, $this->types[$a], $this->isNullable[$a]);
-                    // re-adjust for null casts
-                    if ($value===null) {
-                        $type = \SQLITE3_NULL;
-                    }
-                    // perform binding
-                    $this->st->bindValue($a+1, $value, $type);
-                }
-                $a++;
-            } else {
-                throw new Exception("paramTypeMissing", $a+1);
-            }
-        }
-        return $a - $offset;
+    protected function bindValue($value, string $type, int $position): bool {
+        return $this->st->bindValue($position, $value, is_null($value) ? \SQLITE3_NULL : self::BINDINGS[$type]);
     }
 }
diff --git a/lib/Db/Statement.php b/lib/Db/Statement.php
index f95bdfb..b59e075 100644
--- a/lib/Db/Statement.php
+++ b/lib/Db/Statement.php
@@ -8,16 +8,12 @@ namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\Db;
 
 interface Statement {
     const TYPES = [
-        "null"      => "null",
-        "nil"       => "null",
         "int"       => "integer",
         "integer"   => "integer",
         "float"     => "float",
         "double"    => "float",
         "real"      => "float",
         "numeric"   => "float",
-        "date"      => "date",
-        "time"      => "time",
         "datetime"  => "datetime",
         "timestamp" => "datetime",
         "blob"      => "binary",
@@ -33,6 +29,6 @@ interface Statement {
 
     public function run(...$values): Result;
     public function runArray(array $values = []): Result;
-    public function rebind(...$bindings): bool;
-    public function rebindArray(array $bindings): bool;
+    public function retype(...$bindings): bool;
+    public function retypeArray(array $bindings): bool;
 }
diff --git a/lib/REST/NextCloudNews/V1_2.php b/lib/REST/NextCloudNews/V1_2.php
index 814ee57..2b8fa5d 100644
--- a/lib/REST/NextCloudNews/V1_2.php
+++ b/lib/REST/NextCloudNews/V1_2.php
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ class V1_2 extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
         $out = [];
         foreach ($feeds as $feed) {
             // since in our implementation feeds don't belong the users, the 'userId' field will always be an empty string
-            $out[] = ['id' => $feed, 'userId' => ""];
+            $out[] = ['id' => (int) $feed, 'userId' => ""];
         }
         return new Response(200, ['feeds' => $out]);
     }
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ class V1_2 extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
             $out[] = $this->feedTranslate($sub);
         }
         $out = ['feeds' => $out];
-        $out['starredCount'] = Arsse::$db->articleStarred(Arsse::$user->id)['total'];
+        $out['starredCount'] = (int) Arsse::$db->articleStarred(Arsse::$user->id)['total'];
         $newest = Arsse::$db->editionLatest(Arsse::$user->id);
         if ($newest) {
             $out['newestItemId'] = $newest;
diff --git a/lib/REST/TinyTinyRSS/API.php b/lib/REST/TinyTinyRSS/API.php
index 7435c80..d3f7728 100644
--- a/lib/REST/TinyTinyRSS/API.php
+++ b/lib/REST/TinyTinyRSS/API.php
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class API extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
         // prepare data for each subscription; we also add unread counts for their host categories
         foreach (Arsse::$db->subscriptionList($user) as $f) {
             // add the feed to the list of feeds
-            $feeds[] = ['id' => (string) $f['id'], 'updated' => Date::transform($f['updated'], "iso8601", "sql"),'counter' => $f['unread'], 'has_img' => (int) (strlen((string) $f['favicon']) > 0)]; // ID is cast to string for consistency with TTRSS
+            $feeds[] = ['id' => (string) $f['id'], 'updated' => Date::transform($f['updated'], "iso8601", "sql"),'counter' => (int) $f['unread'], 'has_img' => (int) (strlen((string) $f['favicon']) > 0)]; // ID is cast to string for consistency with TTRSS
             // add the feed's unread count to the global unread count
             $countAll += $f['unread'];
             // add the feed's unread count to its category unread count
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ class API extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
         // prepare data for each non-empty label
         foreach (Arsse::$db->labelList($user, false) as $l) {
             $unread = $l['articles'] - $l['read'];
-            $labels[] = ['id' => $this->labelOut($l['id']), 'counter' => $unread, 'auxcounter' => $l['articles']];
+            $labels[] = ['id' => $this->labelOut($l['id']), 'counter' => $unread, 'auxcounter' => (int) $l['articles']];
             $categories[$catmap[self::CAT_LABELS]]['counter'] += $unread;
         }
         // do a second pass on categories, summing descendant unread counts for ancestors
@@ -266,14 +266,14 @@ class API extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
         }
         // do a third pass on categories, building a final category list; this is done so that the original sort order is retained
         foreach ($categories as $c) {
-            $cats[] = ['id' => $c['id'], 'kind' => "cat", 'counter' => $catCounts[$c['id']]];
+            $cats[] = ['id' => (int) $c['id'], 'kind' => "cat", 'counter' => $catCounts[$c['id']]];
         }
         // prepare data for the virtual feeds and other counters
         $special = [
             ['id' => "global-unread",      'counter' => $countAll], //this should not count archived articles, but we do not have an archive
             ['id' => "subscribed-feeds",   'counter' => $countSubs],
             ['id' => self::FEED_ARCHIVED,  'counter' => 0, 'auxcounter' => 0], // Archived articles
-            ['id' => self::FEED_STARRED,   'counter' => $starred['unread'], 'auxcounter' => $starred['total']], // Starred articles
+            ['id' => self::FEED_STARRED,   'counter' => (int) $starred['unread'], 'auxcounter' => (int) $starred['total']], // Starred articles
             ['id' => self::FEED_PUBLISHED, 'counter' => 0, 'auxcounter' => 0], // Published articles
             ['id' => self::FEED_FRESH,     'counter' => $fresh, 'auxcounter' => 0], // Fresh articles
             ['id' => self::FEED_ALL,       'counter' => $countAll, 'auxcounter' => 0], // All articles
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ class API extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
                     'id' => "FEED:".self::FEED_STARRED,
                     'bare_id' => self::FEED_STARRED,
                     'icon' => "images/star.png",
-                    'unread' => Arsse::$db->articleStarred($user)['unread'],
+                    'unread' => (int) Arsse::$db->articleStarred($user)['unread'],
                 ], $tSpecial),
                 array_merge([ // Published articles
                     'name' => Arsse::$lang->msg("API.TTRSS.Feed.Published"),
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ class API extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
         return ['categories' => ['identifier' => "id", 'label' => "name", 'items' => $out]];
     }
 
-    protected function enumerateFeeds(array $subs, int $parent = null): array {
+    protected function enumerateFeeds(array $subs, $parent = null): array {
         $out = [];
         foreach ($subs as $s) {
             if ($s['folder'] != $parent) {
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ class API extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
             $out[] = [
                 'name'       => $s['title'],
                 'id'         => "FEED:".$s['id'],
-                'bare_id'    => $s['id'],
+                'bare_id'    => (int) $s['id'],
                 'icon'       => $s['favicon'] ? "feed-icons/".$s['id'].".ico" : false,
                 'error'      => (string) $s['err_msg'],
                 'param'      => Date::transform($s['updated'], "iso8601", "sql"),
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ class API extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
         return $out;
     }
 
-    protected function enumerateCategories(array $cats, array $subs, int $parent = null, bool $all = false): array {
+    protected function enumerateCategories(array $cats, array $subs, $parent = null, bool $all = false): array {
         $out = [];
         $feedTotal = 0;
         foreach ($cats as $c) {
@@ -442,8 +442,8 @@ class API extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
             $out[] = [
                 'name'         => $c['name'],
                 'id'           => "CAT:".$c['id'],
-                'bare_id'      => $c['id'],
-                'parent_id'    => $c['parent'], // top-level categories are not supposed to have this property; we deviated and have the property set to null because it's simpler that way
+                'bare_id'      => (int) $c['id'],
+                'parent_id'    => (int) $c['parent'] ?: null, // top-level categories are not supposed to have this property; we deviated and have the property set to null because it's simpler that way
                 'type'         => "category",
                 'auxcounter'   => 0,
                 'unread'       => 0,
@@ -714,13 +714,13 @@ class API extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
                 // NOTE: the list is a flat one: it includes children, but not other descendents
                 foreach (Arsse::$db->folderList($user, $cat, false) as $c) {
                     // get the number of unread for the category and its descendents; those with zero unread are excluded in "unread-only" mode
-                    $count = Arsse::$db->articleCount($user, (new Context)->unread(true)->folder($c['id']));
+                    $count = Arsse::$db->articleCount($user, (new Context)->unread(true)->folder((int) $c['id']));
                     if (!$unread || $count) {
                         $out[] = [
-                            'id' => $c['id'],
-                            'title' => $c['name'],
-                            'unread' => $count,
-                            'is_cat' => true,
+                            'id'       => (int) $c['id'],
+                            'title'    => $c['name'],
+                            'unread'   => (int) $count,
+                            'is_cat'   => true,
                             'order_id' => ++$order,
                         ];
                     }
@@ -764,9 +764,9 @@ class API extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
             }
             // otherwise, append the subscription
             $out[] = [
-                'id'           => $s['id'],
+                'id'           => (int) $s['id'],
                 'title'        => $s['title'],
-                'unread'       => $s['unread'],
+                'unread'       => (int) $s['unread'],
                 'cat_id'       => (int) $s['folder'],
                 'feed_url'     => $s['url'],
                 'has_icon'     => (bool) $s['favicon'],
@@ -920,8 +920,8 @@ class API extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
         return (abs($id) - self::LABEL_OFFSET);
     }
 
-    protected function labelOut(int $id): int {
-        return ($id * -1 - self::LABEL_OFFSET);
+    protected function labelOut($id): int {
+        return ((int) $id * -1 - self::LABEL_OFFSET);
     }
 
     public function opGetLabels(array $data): array {
@@ -1194,12 +1194,12 @@ class API extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
         return $out;
     }
 
-    protected function articleLabelList(array $labels, int $id): array {
+    protected function articleLabelList(array $labels, $id): array {
         $out = [];
         if (!$labels) {
             return $out;
         }
-        foreach (Arsse::$db->articleLabelsGet(Arsse::$user->id, $id) as $label) {
+        foreach (Arsse::$db->articleLabelsGet(Arsse::$user->id, (int) $id) as $label) {
             $out[] = [
                 $this->labelOut($label), // ID
                 $labels[$label],         // name
@@ -1224,7 +1224,7 @@ class API extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
         $out = [];
         try {
             foreach ($this->fetchArticles($data, Database::LIST_MINIMAL) as $row) {
-                $out[] = ['id' => $row['id']];
+                $out[] = ['id' => (int) $row['id']];
             }
         } catch (ExceptionInput $e) {
             // ignore database errors (feeds/categories that don't exist)
@@ -1246,7 +1246,7 @@ class API extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
         try {
             foreach ($this->fetchArticles($data, Database::LIST_FULL) as $article) {
                 $row = [
-                    'id' => $article['id'],
+                    'id' => (int) $article['id'],
                     'guid' => $article['guid'] ? "SHA256:".$article['guid'] : "",
                     'title' => $article['title'],
                     'link' => $article['url'],
@@ -1313,9 +1313,9 @@ class API extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\AbstractHandler {
             // wrap the output with (but after) the header
             $out = [
                 [
-                    'id'       => $data['feed_id'],
+                    'id'       => (int) $data['feed_id'],
                     'is_cat'   => $data['is_cat'] ?? false,
-                    'first_id' => $firstID,
+                    'first_id' => (int) $firstID,
                 ],
                 $out,
             ];
diff --git a/locale/en.php b/locale/en.php
index e284847..a6d1698 100644
--- a/locale/en.php
+++ b/locale/en.php
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ return [
     'API.TTRSS.FeedCount'                                                  => '{0, select, 1 {(1 feed)} other {({0} feeds)}}',
 
     'Driver.Db.SQLite3.Name'                                               => 'SQLite 3',
+    'Driver.Db.SQLite3PDO.Name'                                            => 'SQLite 3 (PDO)',
     'Driver.Service.Curl.Name'                                             => 'HTTP (curl)',
     'Driver.Service.Internal.Name'                                         => 'Internal',
     'Driver.User.Internal.Name'                                            => 'Internal',
diff --git a/sql/SQLite3/1.sql b/sql/SQLite3/1.sql
index fe36942..8f273e6 100644
--- a/sql/SQLite3/1.sql
+++ b/sql/SQLite3/1.sql
@@ -45,4 +45,4 @@ drop table arsse_marks_old;
 
 -- set version marker
 pragma user_version = 2;
-update arsse_meta set value = '2' where key is 'schema_version';
\ No newline at end of file
+update arsse_meta set value = '2' where key = 'schema_version';
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sql/SQLite3/2.sql b/sql/SQLite3/2.sql
index 12a269a..87f21ef 100644
--- a/sql/SQLite3/2.sql
+++ b/sql/SQLite3/2.sql
@@ -108,4 +108,4 @@ drop table arsse_labels_old;
 
 -- set version marker
 pragma user_version = 3;
-update arsse_meta set value = '3' where key is 'schema_version';
\ No newline at end of file
+update arsse_meta set value = '3' where key = 'schema_version';
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestCreation.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestCreation.php
index f4fb34a..4f04918 100644
--- a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestCreation.php
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestCreation.php
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class TestCreation extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
     protected $ch;
 
     public function setUp() {
-        if (!extension_loaded("sqlite3")) {
+        if (!Driver::requirementsMet()) {
             $this->markTestSkipped("SQLite extension not loaded");
         }
         $this->clearData();
@@ -109,7 +109,6 @@ class TestCreation extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
         // set up configuration
         Arsse::$conf = new Conf();
         Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = ":memory:";
-        // set up database shim
     }
 
     public function tearDown() {
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestDriver.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestDriver.php
index e611b7f..6453326 100644
--- a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestDriver.php
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestDriver.php
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ use JKingWeb\Arsse\Arsse;
 use JKingWeb\Arsse\Conf;
 use JKingWeb\Arsse\Database;
 use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\Driver;
-use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\Result;
-use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\Statement;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\Result;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\Statement;
 
 /**
  * @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\Driver<extended>
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class TestDriver extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
     protected $ch;
 
     public function setUp() {
-        if (!extension_loaded("sqlite3")) {
+        if (!Driver::requirementsMet()) {
             $this->markTestSkipped("SQLite extension not loaded");
         }
         $this->clearData();
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestResult.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestResult.php
index 91ffbfe..7c302a6 100644
--- a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestResult.php
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestResult.php
@@ -13,9 +13,10 @@ class TestResult extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
     protected $c;
 
     public function setUp() {
-        if (!extension_loaded("sqlite3")) {
+        if (!\JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\Driver::requirementsMet()) {
             $this->markTestSkipped("SQLite extension not loaded");
         }
+        $this->clearData();
         $c = new \SQLite3(":memory:");
         $c->enableExceptions(true);
         $this->c = $c;
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ class TestResult extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
     public function tearDown() {
         $this->c->close();
         unset($this->c);
+        $this->clearData();
     }
 
     public function testConstructResult() {
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestStatement.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestStatement.php
index 7e722c2..5a195a8 100644
--- a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestStatement.php
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestStatement.php
@@ -12,16 +12,14 @@ use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\Statement;
  * @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\Statement<extended>
  * @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\ExceptionBuilder */
 class TestStatement extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
-    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Db\BindingTests;
-
     protected $c;
     protected static $imp = \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\Statement::class;
 
     public function setUp() {
-        $this->clearData();
-        if (!extension_loaded("sqlite3")) {
+        if (!\JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\Driver::requirementsMet()) {
             $this->markTestSkipped("SQLite extension not loaded");
         }
+        $this->clearData();
         $c = new \SQLite3(":memory:");
         $c->enableExceptions(true);
         $this->c = $c;
@@ -37,15 +35,222 @@ class TestStatement extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
         $s = new self::$imp($this->c, $nativeStatement);
         $types = array_unique(Statement::TYPES);
         foreach ($types as $type) {
-            $s->rebindArray([$strict ? "strict $type" : $type]);
+            $s->retypeArray([$strict ? "strict $type" : $type]);
             $val = $s->runArray([$input])->getRow()['value'];
             $this->assertSame($expectations[$type], $val, "Binding from type $type failed comparison.");
-            $s->rebind(...[$strict ? "strict $type" : $type]);
+            $s->retype(...[$strict ? "strict $type" : $type]);
             $val = $s->run(...[$input])->getRow()['value'];
             $this->assertSame($expectations[$type], $val, "Binding from type $type failed comparison.");
         }
     }
 
+    /** @dataProvider provideBindings */
+    public function testBindATypedValue($value, $type, $exp) {
+        $typeStr = "'".str_replace("'", "''", $type)."'";
+        $nativeStatement = $this->c->prepare(
+            "SELECT (
+                    (CASE WHEN substr($typeStr, 0, 7) <> 'strict ' then null else 1 end) is null 
+                    and ? is null
+            ) or (
+                    $exp = ?
+            ) as pass"
+        );
+        $s = new self::$imp($this->c, $nativeStatement);
+        $s->retypeArray([$type, $type]);
+        $act = (bool) $s->run(...[$value, $value])->getRow()['pass'];
+        $this->assertTrue($act);
+    }
+
+    public function provideBindings() {
+        $dateMutable = new \DateTime("Noon Today", new \DateTimezone("America/Toronto"));
+        $dateImmutable = new \DateTimeImmutable("Noon Today", new \DateTimezone("America/Toronto"));
+        $dateUTC = new \DateTime("@".$dateMutable->getTimestamp(), new \DateTimezone("UTC"));
+        return [
+        /* input,  type,              expected binding as SQL fragment */
+            [null, "integer",         "null"],
+            [null, "float",           "null"],
+            [null, "string",          "null"],
+            [null, "binary",          "null"],
+            [null, "datetime",        "null"],
+            [null, "boolean",         "null"],
+            [null, "strict integer",  "0"],
+            [null, "strict float",    "0.0"],
+            [null, "strict string",   "''"],
+            [null, "strict binary",   "x''"],
+            [null, "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            [null, "strict boolean",  "0"],
+            // true
+            [true, "integer",         "1"],
+            [true, "float",           "1.0"],
+            [true, "string",          "'1'"],
+            [true, "binary",          "x'31'"],
+            [true, "datetime",        "null"],
+            [true, "boolean",         "1"],
+            [true, "strict integer",  "1"],
+            [true, "strict float",    "1.0"],
+            [true, "strict string",   "'1'"],
+            [true, "strict binary",   "x'31'"],
+            [true, "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            [true, "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // false
+            [false, "integer",         "0"],
+            [false, "float",           "0.0"],
+            [false, "string",          "''"],
+            [false, "binary",          "x''"],
+            [false, "datetime",        "null"],
+            [false, "boolean",         "0"],
+            [false, "strict integer",  "0"],
+            [false, "strict float",    "0.0"],
+            [false, "strict string",   "''"],
+            [false, "strict binary",   "x''"],
+            [false, "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            [false, "strict boolean",  "0"],
+            // integer
+            [2112, "integer",         "2112"],
+            [2112, "float",           "2112.0"],
+            [2112, "string",          "'2112'"],
+            [2112, "binary",          "x'32313132'"],
+            [2112, "datetime",        "'1970-01-01 00:35:12'"],
+            [2112, "boolean",         "1"],
+            [2112, "strict integer",  "2112"],
+            [2112, "strict float",    "2112.0"],
+            [2112, "strict string",   "'2112'"],
+            [2112, "strict binary",   "x'32313132'"],
+            [2112, "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:35:12'"],
+            [2112, "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // integer zero
+            [0, "integer",         "0"],
+            [0, "float",           "0.0"],
+            [0, "string",          "'0'"],
+            [0, "binary",          "x'30'"],
+            [0, "datetime",        "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            [0, "boolean",         "0"],
+            [0, "strict integer",  "0"],
+            [0, "strict float",    "0.0"],
+            [0, "strict string",   "'0'"],
+            [0, "strict binary",   "x'30'"],
+            [0, "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            [0, "strict boolean",  "0"],
+            // float
+            [2112.99, "integer",         "2112"],
+            [2112.99, "float",           "2112.99"],
+            [2112.99, "string",          "'2112.99'"],
+            [2112.99, "binary",          "x'323131322e3939'"],
+            [2112.99, "datetime",        "'1970-01-01 00:35:12'"],
+            [2112.99, "boolean",         "1"],
+            [2112.99, "strict integer",  "2112"],
+            [2112.99, "strict float",    "2112.99"],
+            [2112.99, "strict string",   "'2112.99'"],
+            [2112.99, "strict binary",   "x'323131322e3939'"],
+            [2112.99, "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:35:12'"],
+            [2112.99, "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // float zero
+            [0.0, "integer",         "0"],
+            [0.0, "float",           "0.0"],
+            [0.0, "string",          "'0'"],
+            [0.0, "binary",          "x'30'"],
+            [0.0, "datetime",        "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            [0.0, "boolean",         "0"],
+            [0.0, "strict integer",  "0"],
+            [0.0, "strict float",    "0.0"],
+            [0.0, "strict string",   "'0'"],
+            [0.0, "strict binary",   "x'30'"],
+            [0.0, "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            [0.0, "strict boolean",  "0"],
+            // ASCII string
+            ["Random string", "integer",         "0"],
+            ["Random string", "float",           "0.0"],
+            ["Random string", "string",          "'Random string'"],
+            ["Random string", "binary",          "x'52616e646f6d20737472696e67'"],
+            ["Random string", "datetime",        "null"],
+            ["Random string", "boolean",         "1"],
+            ["Random string", "strict integer",  "0"],
+            ["Random string", "strict float",    "0.0"],
+            ["Random string", "strict string",   "'Random string'"],
+            ["Random string", "strict binary",   "x'52616e646f6d20737472696e67'"],
+            ["Random string", "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            ["Random string", "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // UTF-8 string
+            ["é", "integer",         "0"],
+            ["é", "float",           "0.0"],
+            ["é", "string",          "char(233)"],
+            ["é", "binary",          "x'c3a9'"],
+            ["é", "datetime",        "null"],
+            ["é", "boolean",         "1"],
+            ["é", "strict integer",  "0"],
+            ["é", "strict float",    "0.0"],
+            ["é", "strict string",   "char(233)"],
+            ["é", "strict binary",   "x'c3a9'"],
+            ["é", "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            ["é", "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // binary string
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "integer",         "0"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "float",           "0.0"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "string",          "'".chr(233).chr(233)."'"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "binary",          "x'e9e9'"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "datetime",        "null"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "boolean",         "1"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "strict integer",  "0"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "strict float",    "0.0"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "strict string",   "'".chr(233).chr(233)."'"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "strict binary",   "x'e9e9'"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // ISO 8601 date string
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "integer",         "0"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "float",           "0.0"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "string",          "'2017-01-09T13:11:17'"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "binary",          "x'323031372d30312d30395431333a31313a3137'"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "datetime",        "'2017-01-09 13:11:17'"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "boolean",         "1"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "strict integer",  "0"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "strict float",    "0.0"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "strict string",   "'2017-01-09T13:11:17'"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "strict binary",   "x'323031372d30312d30395431333a31313a3137'"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "strict datetime", "'2017-01-09 13:11:17'"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // arbitrary date string
+            ["Today", "integer",         "0"],
+            ["Today", "float",           "0.0"],
+            ["Today", "string",          "'Today'"],
+            ["Today", "binary",          "x'546f646179'"],
+            ["Today", "datetime",        "'".date_create("Today", new \DateTimezone("UTC"))->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            ["Today", "boolean",         "1"],
+            ["Today", "strict integer",  "0"],
+            ["Today", "strict float",    "0.0"],
+            ["Today", "strict string",   "'Today'"],
+            ["Today", "strict binary",   "x'546f646179'"],
+            ["Today", "strict datetime", "'".date_create("Today", new \DateTimezone("UTC"))->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            ["Today", "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // mutable date object
+            [$dateMutable, "integer",         $dateUTC->getTimestamp()],
+            [$dateMutable, "float",           $dateUTC->getTimestamp().".0"],
+            [$dateMutable, "string",          "'".$dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            [$dateMutable, "binary",          "x'".bin2hex($dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s"))."'"],
+            [$dateMutable, "datetime",        "'".$dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            [$dateMutable, "boolean",         "1"],
+            [$dateMutable, "strict integer",  $dateUTC->getTimestamp()],
+            [$dateMutable, "strict float",    $dateUTC->getTimestamp().".0"],
+            [$dateMutable, "strict string",   "'".$dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            [$dateMutable, "strict binary",   "x'".bin2hex($dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s"))."'"],
+            [$dateMutable, "strict datetime", "'".$dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            [$dateMutable, "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // immutable date object
+            [$dateImmutable, "integer",         $dateUTC->getTimestamp()],
+            [$dateImmutable, "float",           $dateUTC->getTimestamp().".0"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "string",          "'".$dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "binary",          "x'".bin2hex($dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s"))."'"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "datetime",        "'".$dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "boolean",         "1"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "strict integer",  $dateUTC->getTimestamp()],
+            [$dateImmutable, "strict float",    $dateUTC->getTimestamp().".0"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "strict string",   "'".$dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "strict binary",   "x'".bin2hex($dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s"))."'"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "strict datetime", "'".$dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "strict boolean",  "1"],
+        ];
+    }
+    
     public function testConstructStatement() {
         $nativeStatement = $this->c->prepare("SELECT ? as value");
         $this->assertInstanceOf(Statement::class, new \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\Statement($this->c, $nativeStatement));
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestUpdate.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestUpdate.php
index 1e485d5..d6c8fc3 100644
--- a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestUpdate.php
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3/TestUpdate.php
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class TestUpdate extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
     const MINIMAL2 = "pragma user_version=2";
 
     public function setUp(Conf $conf = null) {
-        if (!extension_loaded("sqlite3")) {
+        if (!Driver::requirementsMet()) {
             $this->markTestSkipped("SQLite extension not loaded");
         }
         $this->clearData();
@@ -73,6 +73,12 @@ class TestUpdate extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
         $this->drv->schemaUpdate(1, $this->base);
     }
 
+    public function testLoadEmptyFile() {
+        file_put_contents($this->path."0.sql", "");
+        $this->assertException("updateFileIncomplete", "Db");
+        $this->drv->schemaUpdate(1, $this->base);
+    }
+
     public function testLoadCorrectFile() {
         file_put_contents($this->path."0.sql", self::MINIMAL1);
         $this->drv->schemaUpdate(1, $this->base);
@@ -81,7 +87,7 @@ class TestUpdate extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
 
     public function testPerformPartialUpdate() {
         file_put_contents($this->path."0.sql", self::MINIMAL1);
-        file_put_contents($this->path."1.sql", "");
+        file_put_contents($this->path."1.sql", " ");
         $this->assertException("updateFileIncomplete", "Db");
         try {
             $this->drv->schemaUpdate(2, $this->base);
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestArticle.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestArticle.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac63498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestArticle.php
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\Db\SQLite3PDO\Database;
+
+/** @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Database<extended> */
+class TestArticle extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\Setup;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\DriverSQLite3PDO;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\SeriesArticle;
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestCleanup.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestCleanup.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76e4530
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestCleanup.php
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\Db\SQLite3PDO\Database;
+
+/** @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Database<extended> */
+class TestCleanup extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\Setup;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\DriverSQLite3PDO;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\SeriesCleanup;
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestFeed.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestFeed.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ffc733
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestFeed.php
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\Db\SQLite3PDO\Database;
+
+/** @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Database<extended> */
+class TestFeed extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\Setup;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\DriverSQLite3PDO;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\SeriesFeed;
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestFolder.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestFolder.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30cff60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestFolder.php
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\Db\SQLite3PDO\Database;
+
+/** @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Database<extended> */
+class TestFolder extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\Setup;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\DriverSQLite3PDO;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\SeriesFolder;
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestLabel.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestLabel.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38bd123
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestLabel.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?php
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\Db\SQLite3PDO\Database;
+
+/** @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Database<extended> */
+class TestLabel extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\Setup;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\DriverSQLite3PDO;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\SeriesLabel;
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestMeta.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestMeta.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d3e7ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestMeta.php
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\Db\SQLite3PDO\Database;
+
+/** @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Database<extended> */
+class TestMeta extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\Setup;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\DriverSQLite3PDO;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\SeriesMeta;
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestMiscellany.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestMiscellany.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc8ca60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestMiscellany.php
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\Db\SQLite3PDO\Database;
+
+/** @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Database<extended> */
+class TestMiscellany extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\Setup;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\DriverSQLite3PDO;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\SeriesMiscellany;
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestSession.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestSession.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbc71fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestSession.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?php
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\Db\SQLite3PDO\Database;
+
+/** @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Database<extended> */
+class TestSession extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\Setup;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\DriverSQLite3PDO;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\SeriesSession;
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestSubscription.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestSubscription.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0205b48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestSubscription.php
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\Db\SQLite3PDO\Database;
+
+/** @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Database<extended> */
+class TestSubscription extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\Setup;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\DriverSQLite3PDO;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\SeriesSubscription;
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestUser.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestUser.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b77822d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestUser.php
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\Db\SQLite3PDO\Database;
+
+/** @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Database<extended> */
+class TestUser extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\Setup;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\DriverSQLite3PDO;
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database\SeriesUser;
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestCreation.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestCreation.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34cb824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestCreation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\Db\SQLite3PDO;
+
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Arsse;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Conf;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\PDODriver as Driver;
+use org\bovigo\vfs\vfsStream;
+use Phake;
+
+/**
+ * @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\PDODriver<extended>
+ * @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\PDODriver
+ * @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\PDOError */
+class TestCreation extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
+    protected $data;
+    protected $drv;
+    protected $ch;
+
+    public function setUp() {
+        if (!Driver::requirementsMet()) {
+            $this->markTestSkipped("PDO-SQLite extension not loaded");
+        }
+        $this->clearData();
+        // test files
+        $this->files = [
+            // cannot create files
+            'Cmain' => [],
+            'Cshm' => [
+                'arsse.db' => "",
+                'arsse.db-wal' => "",
+            ],
+            'Cwal' => [
+                'arsse.db' => "",
+            ],
+            // cannot write to files
+            'Wmain' => [
+                'arsse.db' => "",
+                'arsse.db-wal' => "",
+                'arsse.db-shm' => "",
+            ],
+            'Wwal' => [
+                'arsse.db' => "",
+                'arsse.db-wal' => "",
+                'arsse.db-shm' => "",
+            ],
+            'Wshm' => [
+                'arsse.db' => "",
+                'arsse.db-wal' => "",
+                'arsse.db-shm' => "",
+            ],
+            // cannot read from files
+            'Rmain' => [
+                'arsse.db' => "",
+                'arsse.db-wal' => "",
+                'arsse.db-shm' => "",
+            ],
+            'Rwal' => [
+                'arsse.db' => "",
+                'arsse.db-wal' => "",
+                'arsse.db-shm' => "",
+            ],
+            'Rshm' => [
+                'arsse.db' => "",
+                'arsse.db-wal' => "",
+                'arsse.db-shm' => "",
+            ],
+            // can neither read from or write to files
+            'Amain' => [
+                'arsse.db' => "",
+                'arsse.db-wal' => "",
+                'arsse.db-shm' => "",
+            ],
+            'Awal' => [
+                'arsse.db' => "",
+                'arsse.db-wal' => "",
+                'arsse.db-shm' => "",
+            ],
+            'Ashm' => [
+                'arsse.db' => "",
+                'arsse.db-wal' => "",
+                'arsse.db-shm' => "",
+            ],
+            // non-filesystem errors
+            'corrupt' => [
+                'arsse.db' => "",
+                'arsse.db-wal' => "",
+                'arsse.db-shm' => "",
+            ],
+        ];
+        $vfs = vfsStream::setup("dbtest", 0777, $this->files);
+        $this->path = $path = $vfs->url()."/";
+        // set up access blocks
+        chmod($path."Cmain", 0555);
+        chmod($path."Cwal", 0555);
+        chmod($path."Cshm", 0555);
+        chmod($path."Rmain/arsse.db", 0333);
+        chmod($path."Rwal/arsse.db-wal", 0333);
+        chmod($path."Rshm/arsse.db-shm", 0333);
+        chmod($path."Wmain/arsse.db", 0555);
+        chmod($path."Wwal/arsse.db-wal", 0555);
+        chmod($path."Wshm/arsse.db-shm", 0555);
+        chmod($path."Amain/arsse.db", 0111);
+        chmod($path."Awal/arsse.db-wal", 0111);
+        chmod($path."Ashm/arsse.db-shm", 0111);
+        // set up configuration
+        Arsse::$conf = new Conf();
+        Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = ":memory:";
+    }
+
+    public function tearDown() {
+        $this->clearData();
+    }
+
+    public function testFailToCreateDatabase() {
+        Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = $this->path."Cmain/arsse.db";
+        $this->assertException("fileUncreatable", "Db");
+        new Driver;
+    }
+
+    public function testFailToCreateJournal() {
+        Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = $this->path."Cwal/arsse.db";
+        $this->assertException("fileUncreatable", "Db");
+        new Driver;
+    }
+
+    public function testFailToCreateSharedMmeory() {
+        Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = $this->path."Cshm/arsse.db";
+        $this->assertException("fileUncreatable", "Db");
+        new Driver;
+    }
+
+    public function testFailToReadDatabase() {
+        Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = $this->path."Rmain/arsse.db";
+        $this->assertException("fileUnreadable", "Db");
+        new Driver;
+    }
+
+    public function testFailToReadJournal() {
+        Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = $this->path."Rwal/arsse.db";
+        $this->assertException("fileUnreadable", "Db");
+        new Driver;
+    }
+
+    public function testFailToReadSharedMmeory() {
+        Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = $this->path."Rshm/arsse.db";
+        $this->assertException("fileUnreadable", "Db");
+        new Driver;
+    }
+
+    public function testFailToWriteToDatabase() {
+        Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = $this->path."Wmain/arsse.db";
+        $this->assertException("fileUnwritable", "Db");
+        new Driver;
+    }
+
+    public function testFailToWriteToJournal() {
+        Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = $this->path."Wwal/arsse.db";
+        $this->assertException("fileUnwritable", "Db");
+        new Driver;
+    }
+
+    public function testFailToWriteToSharedMmeory() {
+        Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = $this->path."Wshm/arsse.db";
+        $this->assertException("fileUnwritable", "Db");
+        new Driver;
+    }
+
+    public function testFailToAccessDatabase() {
+        Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = $this->path."Amain/arsse.db";
+        $this->assertException("fileUnusable", "Db");
+        new Driver;
+    }
+
+    public function testFailToAccessJournal() {
+        Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = $this->path."Awal/arsse.db";
+        $this->assertException("fileUnusable", "Db");
+        new Driver;
+    }
+
+    public function testFailToAccessSharedMmeory() {
+        Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = $this->path."Ashm/arsse.db";
+        $this->assertException("fileUnusable", "Db");
+        new Driver;
+    }
+
+    public function testAssumeDatabaseCorruption() {
+        Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = $this->path."corrupt/arsse.db";
+        $this->assertException("fileCorrupt", "Db");
+        new Driver;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestDriver.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestDriver.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fec09c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestDriver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\Db\SQLite3PDO;
+
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Arsse;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Conf;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Database;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\PDODriver;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\Result;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\Statement;
+
+/**
+ * @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\PDODriver<extended>
+ * @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\PDODriver
+ * @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\PDOError */
+class TestDriver extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
+    protected $data;
+    protected $drv;
+    protected $ch;
+
+    public function setUp() {
+        if (!PDODriver::requirementsMet()) {
+            $this->markTestSkipped("PDO-SQLite extension not loaded");
+        }
+        $this->clearData();
+        $conf = new Conf();
+        Arsse::$conf = $conf;
+        $conf->dbDriver = PDODriver::class;
+        $conf->dbSQLite3Timeout = 0;
+        $conf->dbSQLite3File = tempnam(sys_get_temp_dir(), 'ook');
+        $this->drv = new PDODriver();
+        $this->ch = new \PDO("sqlite:".Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File, "", "", [\PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => \PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION]);
+    }
+
+    public function tearDown() {
+        unset($this->drv);
+        unset($this->ch);
+        if (isset(Arsse::$conf)) {
+            unlink(Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File);
+        }
+        $this->clearData();
+    }
+
+    public function testFetchDriverName() {
+        $class = Arsse::$conf->dbDriver;
+        $this->assertTrue(strlen($class::driverName()) > 0);
+    }
+
+    public function testCheckCharacterSetAcceptability() {
+        $this->assertTrue($this->drv->charsetAcceptable());
+    }
+
+    public function testExecAValidStatement() {
+        $this->assertTrue($this->drv->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)"));
+    }
+
+    public function testExecAnInvalidStatement() {
+        $this->assertException("engineErrorGeneral", "Db");
+        $this->drv->exec("And the meek shall inherit the earth...");
+    }
+
+    public function testExecMultipleStatements() {
+        $this->assertTrue($this->drv->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key); INSERT INTO test(id) values(2112)"));
+        $this->assertEquals(2112, $this->ch->query("SELECT id from test")->fetchColumn());
+    }
+
+    public function testExecTimeout() {
+        $this->ch->exec("BEGIN EXCLUSIVE TRANSACTION");
+        $this->assertException("general", "Db", "ExceptionTimeout");
+        $this->drv->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)");
+    }
+
+    public function testExecConstraintViolation() {
+        $this->drv->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer not null)");
+        $this->assertException("constraintViolation", "Db", "ExceptionInput");
+        $this->drv->exec("INSERT INTO test(id) values(null)");
+    }
+
+    public function testExecTypeViolation() {
+        $this->drv->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)");
+        $this->assertException("typeViolation", "Db", "ExceptionInput");
+        $this->drv->exec("INSERT INTO test(id) values('ook')");
+    }
+
+    public function testMakeAValidQuery() {
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(Result::class, $this->drv->query("SELECT 1"));
+    }
+
+    public function testMakeAnInvalidQuery() {
+        $this->assertException("engineErrorGeneral", "Db");
+        $this->drv->query("Apollo was astonished; Dionysus thought me mad");
+    }
+
+    public function testQueryTimeout() {
+        $this->ch->exec("BEGIN EXCLUSIVE TRANSACTION");
+        $this->assertException("general", "Db", "ExceptionTimeout");
+        $this->drv->query("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)");
+    }
+
+    public function testQueryConstraintViolation() {
+        $this->drv->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer not null)");
+        $this->assertException("constraintViolation", "Db", "ExceptionInput");
+        $this->drv->query("INSERT INTO test(id) values(null)");
+    }
+
+    public function testQueryTypeViolation() {
+        $this->drv->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)");
+        $this->assertException("typeViolation", "Db", "ExceptionInput");
+        $this->drv->query("INSERT INTO test(id) values('ook')");
+    }
+
+    public function testPrepareAValidQuery() {
+        $s = $this->drv->prepare("SELECT ?, ?", "int", "int");
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(Statement::class, $s);
+    }
+
+    public function testPrepareAnInvalidQuery() {
+        $this->assertException("engineErrorGeneral", "Db");
+        $s = $this->drv->prepare("This is an invalid query", "int", "int");
+    }
+
+    public function testCreateASavepoint() {
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->savepointCreate());
+        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->drv->savepointCreate());
+        $this->assertEquals(3, $this->drv->savepointCreate());
+    }
+
+    public function testReleaseASavepoint() {
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->savepointCreate());
+        $this->assertEquals(true, $this->drv->savepointRelease());
+        $this->assertException("savepointInvalid", "Db");
+        $this->drv->savepointRelease();
+    }
+
+    public function testUndoASavepoint() {
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->savepointCreate());
+        $this->assertEquals(true, $this->drv->savepointUndo());
+        $this->assertException("savepointInvalid", "Db");
+        $this->drv->savepointUndo();
+    }
+
+    public function testManipulateSavepoints() {
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->savepointCreate());
+        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->drv->savepointCreate());
+        $this->assertEquals(3, $this->drv->savepointCreate());
+        $this->assertEquals(4, $this->drv->savepointCreate());
+        $this->assertEquals(5, $this->drv->savepointCreate());
+        $this->assertTrue($this->drv->savepointUndo(3));
+        $this->assertFalse($this->drv->savepointRelease(4));
+        $this->assertEquals(6, $this->drv->savepointCreate());
+        $this->assertFalse($this->drv->savepointRelease(5));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->drv->savepointRelease(6));
+        $this->assertEquals(3, $this->drv->savepointCreate());
+        $this->assertTrue($this->drv->savepointRelease(2));
+        $this->assertException("savepointStale", "Db");
+        $this->drv->savepointRelease(2);
+    }
+
+    public function testManipulateSavepointsSomeMore() {
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->savepointCreate());
+        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->drv->savepointCreate());
+        $this->assertEquals(3, $this->drv->savepointCreate());
+        $this->assertEquals(4, $this->drv->savepointCreate());
+        $this->assertTrue($this->drv->savepointRelease(2));
+        $this->assertFalse($this->drv->savepointUndo(3));
+        $this->assertException("savepointStale", "Db");
+        $this->drv->savepointUndo(2);
+    }
+
+    public function testBeginATransaction() {
+        $select = "SELECT count(*) FROM test";
+        $insert = "INSERT INTO test(id) values(null)";
+        $this->drv->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)");
+        $tr = $this->drv->begin();
+        $this->drv->query($insert);
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $this->drv->query($insert);
+        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+    }
+
+    public function testCommitATransaction() {
+        $select = "SELECT count(*) FROM test";
+        $insert = "INSERT INTO test(id) values(null)";
+        $this->drv->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)");
+        $tr = $this->drv->begin();
+        $this->drv->query($insert);
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr->commit();
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+    }
+
+    public function testRollbackATransaction() {
+        $select = "SELECT count(*) FROM test";
+        $insert = "INSERT INTO test(id) values(null)";
+        $this->drv->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)");
+        $tr = $this->drv->begin();
+        $this->drv->query($insert);
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr->rollback();
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+    }
+
+    public function testBeginChainedTransactions() {
+        $select = "SELECT count(*) FROM test";
+        $insert = "INSERT INTO test(id) values(null)";
+        $this->drv->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)");
+        $tr1 = $this->drv->begin();
+        $this->drv->query($insert);
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr2 = $this->drv->begin();
+        $this->drv->query($insert);
+        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+    }
+
+    public function testCommitChainedTransactions() {
+        $select = "SELECT count(*) FROM test";
+        $insert = "INSERT INTO test(id) values(null)";
+        $this->drv->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)");
+        $tr1 = $this->drv->begin();
+        $this->drv->query($insert);
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr2 = $this->drv->begin();
+        $this->drv->query($insert);
+        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr2->commit();
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr1->commit();
+        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+    }
+
+    public function testCommitChainedTransactionsOutOfOrder() {
+        $select = "SELECT count(*) FROM test";
+        $insert = "INSERT INTO test(id) values(null)";
+        $this->drv->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)");
+        $tr1 = $this->drv->begin();
+        $this->drv->query($insert);
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr2 = $this->drv->begin();
+        $this->drv->query($insert);
+        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr1->commit();
+        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr2->commit();
+    }
+
+    public function testRollbackChainedTransactions() {
+        $select = "SELECT count(*) FROM test";
+        $insert = "INSERT INTO test(id) values(null)";
+        $this->drv->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)");
+        $tr1 = $this->drv->begin();
+        $this->drv->query($insert);
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr2 = $this->drv->begin();
+        $this->drv->query($insert);
+        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr2->rollback();
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr1->rollback();
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+    }
+
+    public function testRollbackChainedTransactionsOutOfOrder() {
+        $select = "SELECT count(*) FROM test";
+        $insert = "INSERT INTO test(id) values(null)";
+        $this->drv->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)");
+        $tr1 = $this->drv->begin();
+        $this->drv->query($insert);
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr2 = $this->drv->begin();
+        $this->drv->query($insert);
+        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr1->rollback();
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr2->rollback();
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+    }
+
+    public function testPartiallyRollbackChainedTransactions() {
+        $select = "SELECT count(*) FROM test";
+        $insert = "INSERT INTO test(id) values(null)";
+        $this->drv->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)");
+        $tr1 = $this->drv->begin();
+        $this->drv->query($insert);
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr2 = $this->drv->begin();
+        $this->drv->query($insert);
+        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr2->rollback();
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+        $tr1->commit();
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->query($select)->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->ch->query($select)->fetchColumn());
+    }
+
+    public function testFetchSchemaVersion() {
+        $this->assertSame(0, $this->drv->schemaVersion());
+        $this->drv->exec("PRAGMA user_version=1");
+        $this->assertSame(1, $this->drv->schemaVersion());
+        $this->drv->exec("PRAGMA user_version=2");
+        $this->assertSame(2, $this->drv->schemaVersion());
+    }
+
+    public function testLockTheDatabase() {
+        $this->drv->savepointCreate(true);
+        $this->ch->exec("PRAGMA busy_timeout = 0");
+        $this->assertException();
+        $this->ch->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)");
+    }
+
+    public function testUnlockTheDatabase() {
+        $this->drv->savepointCreate(true);
+        $this->drv->savepointRelease();
+        $this->drv->savepointCreate(true);
+        $this->drv->savepointUndo();
+        $this->assertSame(0, $this->ch->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestResult.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestResult.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7537b87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestResult.php
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\Db\SQLite3PDO;
+
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\Result;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\PDOResult;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\PDODriver;
+
+/** @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\PDOResult<extended> */
+class TestResult extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
+    protected $c;
+
+    public function setUp() {
+        if (!PDODriver::requirementsMet()) {
+            $this->markTestSkipped("PDO-SQLite extension not loaded");
+        }
+        $this->clearData();
+        $c = new \PDO("sqlite::memory:", "", "", [\PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => \PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION]);
+        $this->c = $c;
+    }
+
+    public function tearDown() {
+        unset($this->c);
+        $this->clearData();
+    }
+
+    public function testConstructResult() {
+        $set = $this->c->query("SELECT 1");
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(Result::class, new PDOResult($set));
+    }
+
+    public function testGetChangeCountAndLastInsertId() {
+        $this->c->query("CREATE TABLE test(col)");
+        $set = $this->c->query("INSERT INTO test(col) values(1)");
+        $rows = $set->rowCount();
+        $id = $this->c->lastInsertID();
+        $r = new PDOResult($set, [$rows,$id]);
+        $this->assertSame((int) $rows, $r->changes());
+        $this->assertSame((int) $id, $r->lastId());
+    }
+
+    public function testIterateOverResults() {
+        $set = $this->c->query("SELECT 1 as col union select 2 as col union select 3 as col");
+        $rows = [];
+        foreach (new PDOResult($set) as $index => $row) {
+            $rows[$index] = $row['col'];
+        }
+        $this->assertSame([0 => "1", 1 => "2", 2 => "3"], $rows);
+    }
+
+    public function testIterateOverResultsTwice() {
+        $set = $this->c->query("SELECT 1 as col union select 2 as col union select 3 as col");
+        $rows = [];
+        $test = new PDOResult($set);
+        foreach ($test as $row) {
+            $rows[] = $row['col'];
+        }
+        $this->assertSame(["1","2","3"], $rows);
+        $this->assertException("resultReused", "Db");
+        foreach ($test as $row) {
+            $rows[] = $row['col'];
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function testGetSingleValues() {
+        $set = $this->c->query("SELECT 1867 as year union select 1970 as year union select 2112 as year");
+        $test = new PDOResult($set);
+        $this->assertEquals(1867, $test->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(1970, $test->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(2112, $test->getValue());
+        $this->assertSame(null, $test->getValue());
+    }
+
+    public function testGetFirstValuesOnly() {
+        $set = $this->c->query("SELECT 1867 as year, 19 as century union select 1970 as year, 20 as century union select 2112 as year, 22 as century");
+        $test = new PDOResult($set);
+        $this->assertEquals(1867, $test->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(1970, $test->getValue());
+        $this->assertEquals(2112, $test->getValue());
+        $this->assertSame(null, $test->getValue());
+    }
+
+    public function testGetRows() {
+        $set = $this->c->query("SELECT '2112' as album, '2112' as track union select 'Clockwork Angels' as album, 'The Wreckers' as track");
+        $rows = [
+            ['album' => '2112',             'track' => '2112'],
+            ['album' => 'Clockwork Angels', 'track' => 'The Wreckers'],
+        ];
+        $test = new PDOResult($set);
+        $this->assertEquals($rows[0], $test->getRow());
+        $this->assertEquals($rows[1], $test->getRow());
+        $this->assertSame(null, $test->getRow());
+    }
+
+    public function testGetAllRows() {
+        $set = $this->c->query("SELECT '2112' as album, '2112' as track union select 'Clockwork Angels' as album, 'The Wreckers' as track");
+        $rows = [
+            ['album' => '2112',             'track' => '2112'],
+            ['album' => 'Clockwork Angels', 'track' => 'The Wreckers'],
+        ];
+        $test = new PDOResult($set);
+        $this->assertEquals($rows, $test->getAll());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestStatement.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestStatement.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fe7086
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestStatement.php
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\Db\SQLite3PDO;
+
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\Statement;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\PDOStatement;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\PDODriver;
+
+/**
+ * @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\PDOStatement<extended>
+ * @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\PDOError */
+class TestStatement extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
+    protected $c;
+    protected static $imp = \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\PDOStatement::class;
+
+    public function setUp() {
+        if (!PDODriver::requirementsMet()) {
+            $this->markTestSkipped("PDO-SQLite extension not loaded");
+        }
+        $this->clearData();
+        $c = new \PDO("sqlite::memory:", "", "", [\PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => \PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION]);
+        $this->c = $c;
+    }
+
+    public function tearDown() {
+        unset($this->c);
+        $this->clearData();
+    }
+
+    protected function checkBinding($input, array $expectations, bool $strict = false) {
+        $nativeStatement = $this->c->prepare("SELECT ? as value");
+        $s = new self::$imp($this->c, $nativeStatement);
+        $types = array_unique(Statement::TYPES);
+        foreach ($types as $type) {
+            $s->retypeArray([$strict ? "strict $type" : $type]);
+            $val = $s->runArray([$input])->getRow()['value'];
+            $this->assertSame($expectations[$type], $val, "Binding from type $type failed comparison.");
+            $s->retype(...[$strict ? "strict $type" : $type]);
+            $val = $s->run(...[$input])->getRow()['value'];
+            $this->assertSame($expectations[$type], $val, "Binding from type $type failed comparison.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** @dataProvider provideBindings */
+    public function testBindATypedValue($value, $type, $exp) {
+        $typeStr = "'".str_replace("'", "''", $type)."'";
+        $nativeStatement = $this->c->prepare(
+            "SELECT (
+                    (CASE WHEN substr($typeStr, 0, 7) <> 'strict ' then null else 1 end) is null 
+                    and ? is null
+            ) or (
+                    $exp = ?
+            ) as pass"
+        );
+        $s = new self::$imp($this->c, $nativeStatement);
+        $s->retype(...[$type, $type]);
+        $act = (bool) $s->run(...[$value, $value])->getRow()['pass'];
+        $this->assertTrue($act);
+    }
+
+    public function provideBindings() {
+        $dateMutable = new \DateTime("Noon Today", new \DateTimezone("America/Toronto"));
+        $dateImmutable = new \DateTimeImmutable("Noon Today", new \DateTimezone("America/Toronto"));
+        $dateUTC = new \DateTime("@".$dateMutable->getTimestamp(), new \DateTimezone("UTC"));
+        return [
+        /* input,  type,              expected binding as SQL fragment */
+            [null, "integer",         "null"],
+            [null, "float",           "null"],
+            [null, "string",          "null"],
+            [null, "binary",          "null"],
+            [null, "datetime",        "null"],
+            [null, "boolean",         "null"],
+            [null, "strict integer",  "0"],
+            [null, "strict float",    "'0'"],
+            [null, "strict string",   "''"],
+            [null, "strict binary",   "x''"],
+            [null, "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            [null, "strict boolean",  "0"],
+            // true
+            [true, "integer",         "1"],
+            [true, "float",           "'1'"],
+            [true, "string",          "'1'"],
+            [true, "binary",          "x'31'"],
+            [true, "datetime",        "null"],
+            [true, "boolean",         "1"],
+            [true, "strict integer",  "1"],
+            [true, "strict float",    "'1'"],
+            [true, "strict string",   "'1'"],
+            [true, "strict binary",   "x'31'"],
+            [true, "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            [true, "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // false
+            [false, "integer",         "0"],
+            [false, "float",           "'0'"],
+            [false, "string",          "''"],
+            [false, "binary",          "x''"],
+            [false, "datetime",        "null"],
+            [false, "boolean",         "0"],
+            [false, "strict integer",  "0"],
+            [false, "strict float",    "'0'"],
+            [false, "strict string",   "''"],
+            [false, "strict binary",   "x''"],
+            [false, "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            [false, "strict boolean",  "0"],
+            // integer
+            [2112, "integer",         "2112"],
+            [2112, "float",           "'2112'"],
+            [2112, "string",          "'2112'"],
+            [2112, "binary",          "x'32313132'"],
+            [2112, "datetime",        "'1970-01-01 00:35:12'"],
+            [2112, "boolean",         "1"],
+            [2112, "strict integer",  "2112"],
+            [2112, "strict float",    "'2112'"],
+            [2112, "strict string",   "'2112'"],
+            [2112, "strict binary",   "x'32313132'"],
+            [2112, "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:35:12'"],
+            [2112, "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // integer zero
+            [0, "integer",         "0"],
+            [0, "float",           "'0'"],
+            [0, "string",          "'0'"],
+            [0, "binary",          "x'30'"],
+            [0, "datetime",        "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            [0, "boolean",         "0"],
+            [0, "strict integer",  "0"],
+            [0, "strict float",    "'0'"],
+            [0, "strict string",   "'0'"],
+            [0, "strict binary",   "x'30'"],
+            [0, "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            [0, "strict boolean",  "0"],
+            // float
+            [2112.5, "integer",         "2112"],
+            [2112.5, "float",           "'2112.5'"],
+            [2112.5, "string",          "'2112.5'"],
+            [2112.5, "binary",          "x'323131322e35'"],
+            [2112.5, "datetime",        "'1970-01-01 00:35:12'"],
+            [2112.5, "boolean",         "1"],
+            [2112.5, "strict integer",  "2112"],
+            [2112.5, "strict float",    "'2112.5'"],
+            [2112.5, "strict string",   "'2112.5'"],
+            [2112.5, "strict binary",   "x'323131322e35'"],
+            [2112.5, "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:35:12'"],
+            [2112.5, "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // float zero
+            [0.0, "integer",         "0"],
+            [0.0, "float",           "'0'"],
+            [0.0, "string",          "'0'"],
+            [0.0, "binary",          "x'30'"],
+            [0.0, "datetime",        "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            [0.0, "boolean",         "0"],
+            [0.0, "strict integer",  "0"],
+            [0.0, "strict float",    "'0'"],
+            [0.0, "strict string",   "'0'"],
+            [0.0, "strict binary",   "x'30'"],
+            [0.0, "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            [0.0, "strict boolean",  "0"],
+            // ASCII string
+            ["Random string", "integer",         "0"],
+            ["Random string", "float",           "'0'"],
+            ["Random string", "string",          "'Random string'"],
+            ["Random string", "binary",          "x'52616e646f6d20737472696e67'"],
+            ["Random string", "datetime",        "null"],
+            ["Random string", "boolean",         "1"],
+            ["Random string", "strict integer",  "0"],
+            ["Random string", "strict float",    "'0'"],
+            ["Random string", "strict string",   "'Random string'"],
+            ["Random string", "strict binary",   "x'52616e646f6d20737472696e67'"],
+            ["Random string", "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            ["Random string", "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // UTF-8 string
+            ["é", "integer",         "0"],
+            ["é", "float",           "'0'"],
+            ["é", "string",          "char(233)"],
+            ["é", "binary",          "x'c3a9'"],
+            ["é", "datetime",        "null"],
+            ["é", "boolean",         "1"],
+            ["é", "strict integer",  "0"],
+            ["é", "strict float",    "'0'"],
+            ["é", "strict string",   "char(233)"],
+            ["é", "strict binary",   "x'c3a9'"],
+            ["é", "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            ["é", "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // binary string
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "integer",         "0"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "float",           "'0'"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "string",          "'".chr(233).chr(233)."'"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "binary",          "x'e9e9'"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "datetime",        "null"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "boolean",         "1"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "strict integer",  "0"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "strict float",    "'0'"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "strict string",   "'".chr(233).chr(233)."'"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "strict binary",   "x'e9e9'"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "strict datetime", "'1970-01-01 00:00:00'"],
+            [chr(233).chr(233), "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // ISO 8601 date string
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "integer",         "0"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "float",           "'0'"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "string",          "'2017-01-09T13:11:17'"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "binary",          "x'323031372d30312d30395431333a31313a3137'"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "datetime",        "'2017-01-09 13:11:17'"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "boolean",         "1"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "strict integer",  "0"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "strict float",    "'0'"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "strict string",   "'2017-01-09T13:11:17'"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "strict binary",   "x'323031372d30312d30395431333a31313a3137'"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "strict datetime", "'2017-01-09 13:11:17'"],
+            ["2017-01-09T13:11:17", "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // arbitrary date string
+            ["Today", "integer",         "0"],
+            ["Today", "float",           "'0'"],
+            ["Today", "string",          "'Today'"],
+            ["Today", "binary",          "x'546f646179'"],
+            ["Today", "datetime",        "'".date_create("Today", new \DateTimezone("UTC"))->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            ["Today", "boolean",         "1"],
+            ["Today", "strict integer",  "0"],
+            ["Today", "strict float",    "'0'"],
+            ["Today", "strict string",   "'Today'"],
+            ["Today", "strict binary",   "x'546f646179'"],
+            ["Today", "strict datetime", "'".date_create("Today", new \DateTimezone("UTC"))->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            ["Today", "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // mutable date object
+            [$dateMutable, "integer",         $dateUTC->getTimestamp()],
+            [$dateMutable, "float",           "'".$dateUTC->getTimestamp()."'"],
+            [$dateMutable, "string",          "'".$dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            [$dateMutable, "binary",          "x'".bin2hex($dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s"))."'"],
+            [$dateMutable, "datetime",        "'".$dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            [$dateMutable, "boolean",         "1"],
+            [$dateMutable, "strict integer",  $dateUTC->getTimestamp()],
+            [$dateMutable, "strict float",    "'".$dateUTC->getTimestamp()."'"],
+            [$dateMutable, "strict string",   "'".$dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            [$dateMutable, "strict binary",   "x'".bin2hex($dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s"))."'"],
+            [$dateMutable, "strict datetime", "'".$dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            [$dateMutable, "strict boolean",  "1"],
+            // immutable date object
+            [$dateImmutable, "integer",         $dateUTC->getTimestamp()],
+            [$dateImmutable, "float",           "'".$dateUTC->getTimestamp()."'"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "string",          "'".$dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "binary",          "x'".bin2hex($dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s"))."'"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "datetime",        "'".$dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "boolean",         "1"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "strict integer",  $dateUTC->getTimestamp()],
+            [$dateImmutable, "strict float",    "'".$dateUTC->getTimestamp()."'"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "strict string",   "'".$dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "strict binary",   "x'".bin2hex($dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s"))."'"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "strict datetime", "'".$dateUTC->format("Y-m-d H:i:s")."'"],
+            [$dateImmutable, "strict boolean",  "1"],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    public function testConstructStatement() {
+        $nativeStatement = $this->c->prepare("SELECT ? as value");
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(Statement::class, new PDOStatement($this->c, $nativeStatement));
+    }
+
+    public function testBindMissingValue() {
+        $nativeStatement = $this->c->prepare("SELECT ? as value");
+        $s = new self::$imp($this->c, $nativeStatement);
+        $val = $s->runArray()->getRow()['value'];
+        $this->assertSame(null, $val);
+    }
+
+    public function testBindMultipleValues() {
+        $exp = [
+            'one' => "1",
+            'two' => "2",
+        ];
+        $nativeStatement = $this->c->prepare("SELECT ? as one, ? as two");
+        $s = new self::$imp($this->c, $nativeStatement, ["int", "int"]);
+        $val = $s->runArray([1,2])->getRow();
+        $this->assertSame($exp, $val);
+    }
+
+    public function testBindRecursively() {
+        $exp = [
+            'one'   => "1",
+            'two'   => "2",
+            'three' => "3",
+            'four'  => "4",
+        ];
+        $nativeStatement = $this->c->prepare("SELECT ? as one, ? as two, ? as three, ? as four");
+        $s = new self::$imp($this->c, $nativeStatement, ["int", ["int", "int"], "int"]);
+        $val = $s->runArray([1, [2, 3], 4])->getRow();
+        $this->assertSame($exp, $val);
+    }
+
+    public function testBindWithoutType() {
+        $nativeStatement = $this->c->prepare("SELECT ? as value");
+        $this->assertException("paramTypeMissing", "Db");
+        $s = new self::$imp($this->c, $nativeStatement, []);
+        $s->runArray([1]);
+    }
+
+    public function testViolateConstraint() {
+        $this->c->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer not null)");
+        $nativeStatement = $this->c->prepare("INSERT INTO test(id) values(?)");
+        $s = new self::$imp($this->c, $nativeStatement, ["int"]);
+        $this->assertException("constraintViolation", "Db", "ExceptionInput");
+        $s->runArray([null]);
+    }
+
+    public function testMismatchTypes() {
+        $this->c->exec("CREATE TABLE test(id integer primary key)");
+        $nativeStatement = $this->c->prepare("INSERT INTO test(id) values(?)");
+        $s = new self::$imp($this->c, $nativeStatement, ["str"]);
+        $this->assertException("typeViolation", "Db", "ExceptionInput");
+        $s->runArray(['ook']);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestUpdate.php b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestUpdate.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c8df84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestUpdate.php
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\Db\SQLite3PDO;
+
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Arsse;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Conf;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Database;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\Exception;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\PDODriver;
+use org\bovigo\vfs\vfsStream;
+
+/**
+ * @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\PDODriver<extended>
+ * @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\PDOError */
+class TestUpdate extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
+    protected $data;
+    protected $drv;
+    protected $vfs;
+    protected $base;
+
+    const MINIMAL1 = "create table arsse_meta(key text primary key not null, value text); pragma user_version=1";
+    const MINIMAL2 = "pragma user_version=2";
+
+    public function setUp(Conf $conf = null) {
+        if (!PDODriver::requirementsMet()) {
+            $this->markTestSkipped("PDO-SQLite extension not loaded");
+        }
+        $this->clearData();
+        $this->vfs = vfsStream::setup("schemata", null, ['SQLite3' => []]);
+        if (!$conf) {
+            $conf = new Conf();
+        }
+        $conf->dbDriver = PDODriver::class;
+        $conf->dbSQLite3File = ":memory:";
+        Arsse::$conf = $conf;
+        $this->base = $this->vfs->url();
+        $this->path = $this->base."/SQLite3/";
+        $this->drv = new PDODriver();
+    }
+
+    public function tearDown() {
+        unset($this->drv);
+        unset($this->data);
+        unset($this->vfs);
+        $this->clearData();
+    }
+
+    public function testLoadMissingFile() {
+        $this->assertException("updateFileMissing", "Db");
+        $this->drv->schemaUpdate(1, $this->base);
+    }
+
+    public function testLoadUnreadableFile() {
+        touch($this->path."0.sql");
+        chmod($this->path."0.sql", 0000);
+        $this->assertException("updateFileUnreadable", "Db");
+        $this->drv->schemaUpdate(1, $this->base);
+    }
+
+    public function testLoadCorruptFile() {
+        file_put_contents($this->path."0.sql", "This is a corrupt file");
+        $this->assertException("updateFileError", "Db");
+        $this->drv->schemaUpdate(1, $this->base);
+    }
+
+    public function testLoadIncompleteFile() {
+        file_put_contents($this->path."0.sql", "create table arsse_meta(key text primary key not null, value text);");
+        $this->assertException("updateFileIncomplete", "Db");
+        $this->drv->schemaUpdate(1, $this->base);
+    }
+
+    public function testLoadEmptyFile() {
+        file_put_contents($this->path."0.sql", "");
+        $this->assertException("updateFileIncomplete", "Db");
+        $this->drv->schemaUpdate(1, $this->base);
+    }
+
+    public function testLoadCorrectFile() {
+        file_put_contents($this->path."0.sql", self::MINIMAL1);
+        $this->drv->schemaUpdate(1, $this->base);
+        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->schemaVersion());
+    }
+
+    public function testPerformPartialUpdate() {
+        file_put_contents($this->path."0.sql", self::MINIMAL1);
+        file_put_contents($this->path."1.sql", " ");
+        $this->assertException("updateFileIncomplete", "Db");
+        try {
+            $this->drv->schemaUpdate(2, $this->base);
+        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            $this->assertEquals(1, $this->drv->schemaVersion());
+            throw $e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function testPerformSequentialUpdate() {
+        file_put_contents($this->path."0.sql", self::MINIMAL1);
+        file_put_contents($this->path."1.sql", self::MINIMAL2);
+        $this->drv->schemaUpdate(2, $this->base);
+        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->drv->schemaVersion());
+    }
+
+    public function testPerformActualUpdate() {
+        $this->drv->schemaUpdate(Database::SCHEMA_VERSION);
+        $this->assertEquals(Database::SCHEMA_VERSION, $this->drv->schemaVersion());
+    }
+
+    public function testDeclineManualUpdate() {
+        // turn auto-updating off
+        $conf = new Conf();
+        $conf->dbAutoUpdate = false;
+        $this->setUp($conf);
+        $this->assertException("updateManual", "Db");
+        $this->drv->schemaUpdate(Database::SCHEMA_VERSION);
+    }
+
+    public function testDeclineDowngrade() {
+        $this->assertException("updateTooNew", "Db");
+        $this->drv->schemaUpdate(-1, $this->base);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/REST/NextCloudNews/PDO/TestV1_2.php b/tests/cases/REST/NextCloudNews/PDO/TestV1_2.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6a3ef7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/REST/NextCloudNews/PDO/TestV1_2.php
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\REST\NextCloudNews\PDO;
+
+/** @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\NextCloudNews\V1_2<extended> */
+class TestV1_2 extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\REST\NextCloudNews\TestV1_2 {
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\PDOTest;
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/REST/NextCloudNews/TestV1_2.php b/tests/cases/REST/NextCloudNews/TestV1_2.php
index 17c4679..f73e785 100644
--- a/tests/cases/REST/NextCloudNews/TestV1_2.php
+++ b/tests/cases/REST/NextCloudNews/TestV1_2.php
@@ -317,6 +317,10 @@ class TestV1_2 extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
         $this->clearData();
     }
 
+    protected function v($value) {
+        return $value;
+    }
+
     protected function assertResponse(Response $exp, Response $act, string $text = null) {
         $this->assertEquals($exp, $act, $text);
         $this->assertSame($exp->payload, $act->payload, $text);
@@ -404,13 +408,13 @@ class TestV1_2 extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
     public function testListFolders() {
         $list = [
             ['id' => 1,  'name' => "Software", 'parent' => null],
-            ['id' => "12", 'name' => "Hardware", 'parent' => null],
+            ['id' => 12, 'name' => "Hardware", 'parent' => null],
         ];
         $out = [
             ['id' => 1,  'name' => "Software"],
             ['id' => 12, 'name' => "Hardware"],
         ];
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList(Arsse::$user->id, null, false)->thenReturn(new Result([]))->thenReturn(new Result($list));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList(Arsse::$user->id, null, false)->thenReturn(new Result([]))->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($list)));
         $exp = new Response(200, ['folders' => []]);
         $this->assertResponse($exp, $this->h->dispatch(new Request("GET", "/folders")));
         $exp = new Response(200, ['folders' => $out]);
@@ -434,8 +438,8 @@ class TestV1_2 extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderAdd($this->anything(), $this->anything())->thenThrow(new \Exception);
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderAdd(Arsse::$user->id, $in[0])->thenReturn(1)->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("constraintViolation")); // error on the second call
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderAdd(Arsse::$user->id, $in[1])->thenReturn(2)->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("constraintViolation")); // error on the second call
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 1)->thenReturn($db[0]);
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 2)->thenReturn($db[1]);
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 1)->thenReturn($this->v($db[0]));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 2)->thenReturn($this->v($db[1]));
         // set up mocks that produce errors
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderAdd(Arsse::$user->id, [])->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("missing"));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderAdd(Arsse::$user->id, ['name' => ""])->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("missing"));
@@ -518,8 +522,8 @@ class TestV1_2 extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
             'starredCount' => 5,
             'newestItemId' => 4758915,
         ];
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList(Arsse::$user->id)->thenReturn(new Result([]))->thenReturn(new Result($this->feeds['db']));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleStarred(Arsse::$user->id)->thenReturn(['total' => 0])->thenReturn(['total' => 5]);
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList(Arsse::$user->id)->thenReturn(new Result([]))->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->feeds['db'])));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleStarred(Arsse::$user->id)->thenReturn($this->v(['total' => 0]))->thenReturn($this->v(['total' => 5]));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->editionLatest(Arsse::$user->id)->thenReturn(0)->thenReturn(4758915);
         $exp = new Response(200, $exp1);
         $this->assertResponse($exp, $this->h->dispatch(new Request("GET", "/feeds")));
@@ -544,9 +548,9 @@ class TestV1_2 extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionAdd(Arsse::$user->id, "http://example.com/news.atom")->thenReturn(2112)->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("constraintViolation")); // error on the second call
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionAdd(Arsse::$user->id, "http://example.org/news.atom")->thenReturn(42)->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("constraintViolation")); // error on the second call
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionAdd(Arsse::$user->id, "")->thenThrow(new \JKingWeb\Arsse\Feed\Exception("", new \PicoFeed\Reader\SubscriptionNotFoundException));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 2112)->thenReturn($this->feeds['db'][0]);
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 42)->thenReturn($this->feeds['db'][1]);
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 47)->thenReturn($this->feeds['db'][2]);
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 2112)->thenReturn($this->v($this->feeds['db'][0]));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 42)->thenReturn($this->v($this->feeds['db'][1]));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 47)->thenReturn($this->v($this->feeds['db'][2]));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->editionLatest(Arsse::$user->id, (new Context)->subscription(2112))->thenReturn(0);
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->editionLatest(Arsse::$user->id, (new Context)->subscription(42))->thenReturn(4758915);
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->editionLatest(Arsse::$user->id, (new Context)->subscription(47))->thenReturn(2112);
@@ -654,7 +658,7 @@ class TestV1_2 extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
                 'userId' => "",
             ],
         ];
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->feedListStale->thenReturn(array_column($out, "id"));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->feedListStale->thenReturn($this->v(array_column($out, "id")));
         $exp = new Response(200, ['feeds' => $out]);
         $this->assertResponse($exp, $this->h->dispatch(new Request("GET", "/feeds/all")));
         // retrieving the list when not an admin fails
@@ -689,7 +693,6 @@ class TestV1_2 extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
     }
 
     public function testListArticles() {
-        $res = new Result($this->articles['db']);
         $t = new \DateTime;
         $in = [
             ['type' => 0, 'id' => 42],   // type=0 => subscription/feed
@@ -705,7 +708,7 @@ class TestV1_2 extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
             ['lastModified' => $t->getTimestamp()],
             ['oldestFirst' => false, 'batchSize' => 5, 'offset' => 0], // offset=0 should not set the latestEdition context
         ];
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList(Arsse::$user->id, $this->anything(), Database::LIST_TYPICAL)->thenReturn($res);
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList(Arsse::$user->id, $this->anything(), Database::LIST_TYPICAL)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->articles['db'])));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList(Arsse::$user->id, (new Context)->reverse(true)->subscription(42), Database::LIST_TYPICAL)->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("idMissing"));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList(Arsse::$user->id, (new Context)->reverse(true)->folder(2112), Database::LIST_TYPICAL)->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("idMissing"));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList(Arsse::$user->id, (new Context)->reverse(true)->subscription(-1), Database::LIST_TYPICAL)->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("typeViolation"));
diff --git a/tests/cases/REST/TinyTinyRSS/PDO/TestAPI.php b/tests/cases/REST/TinyTinyRSS/PDO/TestAPI.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c9e36f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/REST/TinyTinyRSS/PDO/TestAPI.php
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\REST\TinyTinyRSS\PDO;
+
+/** @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\TinyTinyRSS\API<extended>
+ *  @covers \JKingWeb\Arsse\REST\TinyTinyRSS\Exception */
+class TestAPI extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\REST\TinyTinyRSS\TestAPI {
+    use \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\PDOTest;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cases/REST/TinyTinyRSS/TestAPI.php b/tests/cases/REST/TinyTinyRSS/TestAPI.php
index 6844e9a..c4be513 100644
--- a/tests/cases/REST/TinyTinyRSS/TestAPI.php
+++ b/tests/cases/REST/TinyTinyRSS/TestAPI.php
@@ -122,6 +122,10 @@ class TestAPI extends \JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\AbstractTest {
 </section>
 LONG_STRING;
 
+    protected function v($value) {
+        return $value;
+    }
+
     protected function req($data) : Response {
         return $this->h->dispatch(new Request("POST", "", json_encode($data)));
     }
@@ -320,8 +324,8 @@ LONG_STRING;
         // set of various mocks for testing
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderAdd(Arsse::$user->id, $db[0])->thenReturn(2)->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("constraintViolation")); // error on the second call
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderAdd(Arsse::$user->id, $db[1])->thenReturn(3)->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("constraintViolation")); // error on the second call
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList(Arsse::$user->id, null, false)->thenReturn(new Result([$out[0], $out[2]]));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList(Arsse::$user->id, 1, false)->thenReturn(new Result([$out[1]]));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList(Arsse::$user->id, null, false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([$out[0], $out[2]])));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList(Arsse::$user->id, 1, false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([$out[1]])));
         // set up mocks that produce errors
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderAdd(Arsse::$user->id, $db[2])->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("idMissing")); // parent folder does not exist
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderAdd(Arsse::$user->id, [])->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("missing"));
@@ -522,12 +526,12 @@ LONG_STRING;
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionAdd(...$db[7])->thenThrow(new \JKingWeb\Arsse\Feed\Exception("http://example.com/7", new \PicoFeed\Parser\MalformedXmlException()));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionAdd(...$db[8])->thenReturn(4);
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionAdd(...$db[9])->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("constraintViolation"));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 42)->thenReturn(['id' => 42]);
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 47)->thenReturn(['id' => 47]);
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 42)->thenReturn($this->v(['id' => 42]));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 47)->thenReturn($this->v(['id' => 47]));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 2112)->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("subjectMissing"));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionPropertiesSet(Arsse::$user->id, $this->anything(), $this->anything())->thenReturn(true);
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionPropertiesSet(Arsse::$user->id, 4, $this->anything())->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("idMissing"));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList(Arsse::$user->id)->thenReturn(new Result($list));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList(Arsse::$user->id)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($list)));
         for ($a = 0; $a < (sizeof($in) - 4); $a++) {
             $exp = $this->respGood($out[$a]);
             $this->assertResponse($exp, $this->req($in[$a]), "Failed test $a");
@@ -647,11 +651,11 @@ LONG_STRING;
 
     public function testRetrieveTheGlobalUnreadCount() {
         $in = ['op' => "getUnread", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx"];
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList(Arsse::$user->id)->thenReturn(new Result([
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList(Arsse::$user->id)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([
             ['id' => 1, 'unread' => 2112],
             ['id' => 2, 'unread' => 42],
             ['id' => 3, 'unread' => 47],
-        ]));
+        ])));
         $exp = $this->respGood(['unread' => (string) (2112 + 42 + 47)]);
         $this->assertResponse($exp, $this->req($in));
     }
@@ -679,7 +683,7 @@ LONG_STRING;
             ['op' => "updateFeed", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx"],
         ];
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->feedUpdate(11)->thenReturn(true);
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 1)->thenReturn(['id' => 1, 'feed' => 11]);
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 1)->thenReturn($this->v(['id' => 1, 'feed' => 11]));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, 2)->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("subjectMissing"));
         $exp = $this->respGood(['status' => "OK"]);
         $this->assertResponse($exp, $this->req($in[0]));
@@ -711,8 +715,8 @@ LONG_STRING;
         // set of various mocks for testing
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelAdd(Arsse::$user->id, $db[0])->thenReturn(2)->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("constraintViolation")); // error on the second call
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelAdd(Arsse::$user->id, $db[1])->thenReturn(3)->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("constraintViolation")); // error on the second call
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, "Software", true)->thenReturn($out[0]);
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, "Hardware", true)->thenReturn($out[1]);
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, "Software", true)->thenReturn($this->v($out[0]));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelPropertiesGet(Arsse::$user->id, "Hardware", true)->thenReturn($this->v($out[1]));
         // set up mocks that produce errors
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelAdd(Arsse::$user->id, [])->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("missing"));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelAdd(Arsse::$user->id, ['name' => ""])->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("missing"));
@@ -819,12 +823,12 @@ LONG_STRING;
             ['op' => "getCategories", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx", 'enable_nested' => true],
             ['op' => "getCategories", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx", 'enable_nested' => true, 'unread_only' => true],
         ];
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList($this->anything(), null, true)->thenReturn(new Result($this->folders));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList($this->anything(), null, false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->topFolders));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->subscriptions));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->labels));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList($this->anything(), null, true)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->folders)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList($this->anything(), null, false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->topFolders)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->subscriptions)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->labels)));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleCount($this->anything(), $this->anything())->thenReturn(7); // FIXME: this should check an unread+modifiedSince context
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleStarred($this->anything())->thenReturn($this->starred);
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleStarred($this->anything())->thenReturn($this->v($this->starred));
         $exp = [
             [
                 ['id' => "5", 'title' => "Local",         'unread' => 10, 'order_id' => 1],
@@ -884,11 +888,11 @@ LONG_STRING;
 
     public function testRetrieveCounterList() {
         $in = ['op' => "getCounters", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx"];
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->folders));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->subscriptions));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything(), false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->usedLabels));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->folders)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->subscriptions)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything(), false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->usedLabels)));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleCount($this->anything(), $this->anything())->thenReturn(7); // FIXME: this should check an unread+modifiedSince context
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleStarred($this->anything())->thenReturn($this->starred);
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleStarred($this->anything())->thenReturn($this->v($this->starred));
         $exp = [
             ['id' => "global-unread", 'counter' => 35],
             ['id' => "subscribed-feeds", 'counter' => 6],
@@ -925,9 +929,9 @@ LONG_STRING;
             ['op' => "getLabels", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx", 'article_id' => 3],
             ['op' => "getLabels", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx", 'article_id' => 4],
         ];
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->labels));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleLabelsGet($this->anything(), 1)->thenReturn([1,3]);
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleLabelsGet($this->anything(), 2)->thenReturn([3]);
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->labels)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleLabelsGet($this->anything(), 1)->thenReturn($this->v([1,3]));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleLabelsGet($this->anything(), 2)->thenReturn($this->v([3]));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleLabelsGet($this->anything(), 3)->thenReturn([]);
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleLabelsGet($this->anything(), 4)->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("idMissing"));
         $exp = [
@@ -1005,11 +1009,11 @@ LONG_STRING;
             ['op' => "getFeedTree", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx", 'include_empty' => true],
             ['op' => "getFeedTree", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx"],
         ];
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList($this->anything(), null, true)->thenReturn(new Result($this->folders));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->subscriptions));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything(), true)->thenReturn(new Result($this->labels));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList($this->anything(), null, true)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->folders)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->subscriptions)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything(), true)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->labels)));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleCount($this->anything(), $this->anything())->thenReturn(7); // FIXME: this should check an unread+modifiedSince context
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleStarred($this->anything())->thenReturn($this->starred);
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleStarred($this->anything())->thenReturn($this->v($this->starred));
         // the expectations are packed tightly since they're very verbose; one can use var_export() (or convert to JSON) to pretty-print them
         $exp = ['categories'=>['identifier'=>'id','label'=>'name','items'=>[['name'=>'Special','id'=>'CAT:-1','bare_id'=>-1,'type'=>'category','unread'=>0,'items'=>[['name'=>'All articles','id'=>'FEED:-4','bare_id'=>-4,'icon'=>'images/folder.png','unread'=>35,'type'=>'feed','auxcounter'=>0,'error'=>'','updated'=>'',],['name'=>'Fresh articles','id'=>'FEED:-3','bare_id'=>-3,'icon'=>'images/fresh.png','unread'=>7,'type'=>'feed','auxcounter'=>0,'error'=>'','updated'=>'',],['name'=>'Starred articles','id'=>'FEED:-1','bare_id'=>-1,'icon'=>'images/star.png','unread'=>4,'type'=>'feed','auxcounter'=>0,'error'=>'','updated'=>'',],['name'=>'Published articles','id'=>'FEED:-2','bare_id'=>-2,'icon'=>'images/feed.png','unread'=>0,'type'=>'feed','auxcounter'=>0,'error'=>'','updated'=>'',],['name'=>'Archived articles','id'=>'FEED:0','bare_id'=>0,'icon'=>'images/archive.png','unread'=>0,'type'=>'feed','auxcounter'=>0,'error'=>'','updated'=>'',],['name'=>'Recently read','id'=>'FEED:-6','bare_id'=>-6,'icon'=>'images/time.png','unread'=>0,'type'=>'feed','auxcounter'=>0,'error'=>'','updated'=>'',],],],['name'=>'Labels','id'=>'CAT:-2','bare_id'=>-2,'type'=>'category','unread'=>6,'items'=>[['name'=>'Fascinating','id'=>'FEED:-1027','bare_id'=>-1027,'unread'=>0,'icon'=>'images/label.png','type'=>'feed','auxcounter'=>0,'error'=>'','updated'=>'','fg_color'=>'','bg_color'=>'',],['name'=>'Interesting','id'=>'FEED:-1029','bare_id'=>-1029,'unread'=>0,'icon'=>'images/label.png','type'=>'feed','auxcounter'=>0,'error'=>'','updated'=>'','fg_color'=>'','bg_color'=>'',],['name'=>'Logical','id'=>'FEED:-1025','bare_id'=>-1025,'unread'=>0,'icon'=>'images/label.png','type'=>'feed','auxcounter'=>0,'error'=>'','updated'=>'','fg_color'=>'','bg_color'=>'',],],],['name'=>'Photography','id'=>'CAT:4','bare_id'=>4,'parent_id'=>null,'type'=>'category','auxcounter'=>0,'unread'=>0,'child_unread'=>0,'checkbox'=>false,'param'=>'(0 feeds)','items'=>[],],['name'=>'Politics','id'=>'CAT:3','bare_id'=>3,'parent_id'=>null,'type'=>'category','auxcounter'=>0,'unread'=>0,'child_unread'=>0,'checkbox'=>false,'param'=>'(3 feeds)','items'=>[['name'=>'Local','id'=>'CAT:5','bare_id'=>5,'parent_id'=>3,'type'=>'category','auxcounter'=>0,'unread'=>0,'child_unread'=>0,'checkbox'=>false,'param'=>'(1 feed)','items'=>[['name'=>'Toronto Star','id'=>'FEED:2','bare_id'=>2,'icon'=>'feed-icons/2.ico','error'=>'oops','param'=>'2011-11-11T11:11:11Z','unread'=>0,'auxcounter'=>0,'checkbox'=>false,],],],['name'=>'National','id'=>'CAT:6','bare_id'=>6,'parent_id'=>3,'type'=>'category','auxcounter'=>0,'unread'=>0,'child_unread'=>0,'checkbox'=>false,'param'=>'(2 feeds)','items'=>[['name'=>'CBC News','id'=>'FEED:4','bare_id'=>4,'icon'=>'feed-icons/4.ico','error'=>'','param'=>'2017-10-09T15:58:34Z','unread'=>0,'auxcounter'=>0,'checkbox'=>false,],['name'=>'Ottawa Citizen','id'=>'FEED:5','bare_id'=>5,'icon'=>false,'error'=>'','param'=>'2017-07-07T17:07:17Z','unread'=>0,'auxcounter'=>0,'checkbox'=>false,],],],],],['name'=>'Science','id'=>'CAT:1','bare_id'=>1,'parent_id'=>null,'type'=>'category','auxcounter'=>0,'unread'=>0,'child_unread'=>0,'checkbox'=>false,'param'=>'(2 feeds)','items'=>[['name'=>'Rocketry','id'=>'CAT:2','bare_id'=>2,'parent_id'=>1,'type'=>'category','auxcounter'=>0,'unread'=>0,'child_unread'=>0,'checkbox'=>false,'param'=>'(1 feed)','items'=>[['name'=>'NASA JPL','id'=>'FEED:1','bare_id'=>1,'icon'=>false,'error'=>'','param'=>'2017-09-15T22:54:16Z','unread'=>0,'auxcounter'=>0,'checkbox'=>false,],],],['name'=>'Ars Technica','id'=>'FEED:3','bare_id'=>3,'icon'=>'feed-icons/3.ico','error'=>'argh','param'=>'2016-05-23T06:40:02Z','unread'=>0,'auxcounter'=>0,'checkbox'=>false,],],],['name'=>'Uncategorized','id'=>'CAT:0','bare_id'=>0,'type'=>'category','auxcounter'=>0,'unread'=>0,'child_unread'=>0,'checkbox'=>false,'parent_id'=>null,'param'=>'(1 feed)','items'=>[['name'=>'Eurogamer','id'=>'FEED:6','bare_id'=>6,'icon'=>'feed-icons/6.ico','error'=>'','param'=>'2010-02-12T20:08:47Z','unread'=>0,'auxcounter'=>0,'checkbox'=>false,],],],],],];
         $this->assertResponse($this->respGood($exp), $this->req($in[0]));
@@ -1094,24 +1098,24 @@ LONG_STRING;
             ['op' => "getFeeds", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx", 'cat_id' => 6, 'offset' => 2],
         ];
         // statistical mocks
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleStarred($this->anything())->thenReturn($this->starred);
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleStarred($this->anything())->thenReturn($this->v($this->starred));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleCount->thenReturn(7); // FIXME: this should check an unread+modifiedSince context
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleCount($this->anything(), (new Context)->unread(true))->thenReturn(35);
         // label mocks
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->labels));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything(), false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->usedLabels));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->labels)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything(), false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->usedLabels)));
         // subscription and folder list and unread count mocks
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("subjectMissing"));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("subjectMissing"));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->folders));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList($this->anything(), null, true)->thenReturn(new Result($this->subscriptions));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList($this->anything(), null, false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->filterSubs(null)));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList($this->anything(), null)->thenReturn(new Result($this->folders));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList($this->anything(), null, false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->filterFolders(null)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->folders)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList($this->anything(), null, true)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->subscriptions)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList($this->anything(), null, false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->filterSubs(null))));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList($this->anything(), null)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->folders)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList($this->anything(), null, false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->filterFolders(null))));
         foreach ($this->folders as $f) {
-            Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList($this->anything(), $f['id'], false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->filterFolders($f['id'])));
+            Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->folderList($this->anything(), $f['id'], false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->filterFolders($f['id']))));
             Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleCount($this->anything(), (new Context)->unread(true)->folder($f['id']))->thenReturn($this->reduceFolders($f['id']));
-            Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList($this->anything(), $f['id'], false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->filterSubs($f['id'])));
+            Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->subscriptionList($this->anything(), $f['id'], false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->filterSubs($f['id']))));
         }
         $exp = [
             [
@@ -1263,10 +1267,10 @@ LONG_STRING;
             ['op' => "updateArticle", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx", 'article_ids' => "42, 2112, -1", 'field' => 4], // invalid field
             ['op' => "updateArticle", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx", 'article_ids' => "0, -1", 'field' => 3], // no valid IDs
         ];
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (new Context)->articles([42, 2112])->starred(true), $this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 42]]));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (new Context)->articles([42, 2112])->starred(false), $this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 2112]]));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (new Context)->articles([42, 2112])->unread(true), $this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 42]]));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (new Context)->articles([42, 2112])->unread(false), $this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 2112]]));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (new Context)->articles([42, 2112])->starred(true), $this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 42]])));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (new Context)->articles([42, 2112])->starred(false), $this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 2112]])));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (new Context)->articles([42, 2112])->unread(true), $this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 42]])));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (new Context)->articles([42, 2112])->unread(false), $this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 2112]])));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleMark->thenReturn(1);
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleMark($this->anything(), ['starred' => false], (new Context)->articles([42, 2112]))->thenReturn(2);
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleMark($this->anything(), ['starred' =>  true], (new Context)->articles([42, 2112]))->thenReturn(4);
@@ -1327,13 +1331,13 @@ LONG_STRING;
             ['op' => "getArticle", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx", 'article_id' => "101"],
             ['op' => "getArticle", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx", 'article_id' => "102"],
         ];
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->labels));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything(), false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->usedLabels));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->labels)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything(), false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->usedLabels)));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleLabelsGet($this->anything(), 101)->thenReturn([]);
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleLabelsGet($this->anything(), 102)->thenReturn([1,3]);
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (new Context)->articles([101, 102]))->thenReturn(new Result($this->articles));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (new Context)->articles([101]))->thenReturn(new Result([$this->articles[0]]));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (new Context)->articles([102]))->thenReturn(new Result([$this->articles[1]]));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleLabelsGet($this->anything(), 102)->thenReturn($this->v([1,3]));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (new Context)->articles([101, 102]))->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->articles)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (new Context)->articles([101]))->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([$this->articles[0]])));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (new Context)->articles([102]))->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([$this->articles[1]])));
         $exp = $this->respErr("INCORRECT_USAGE");
         $this->assertResponse($exp, $this->req($in[0]));
         $this->assertResponse($exp, $this->req($in[1]));
@@ -1436,22 +1440,22 @@ LONG_STRING;
             ['op' => "getCompactHeadlines", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx", 'feed_id' => -3],
             ['op' => "getCompactHeadlines", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx", 'feed_id' => -3, 'view_mode' => "marked"],
         ];
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 0]]));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 0]])));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleCount->thenReturn(0);
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleCount($this->anything(), (new Context)->unread(true))->thenReturn(1);
         $c = (new Context)->reverse(true);
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->subscription(2112), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenThrow(new ExceptionInput("subjectMissing"));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), $c, Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result($this->articles));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->starred(true), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 1]]));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->label(1088), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 2]]));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->unread(true), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 3]]));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->label(1088)->unread(true), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 4]]));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->subscription(42)->starred(true), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 5]]));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->subscription(42)->annotated(true), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 6]]));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->limit(5), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 7]]));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->offset(2), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 8]]));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->limit(5)->offset(2), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 9]]));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->oldestArticle(48), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 10]]));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), $c, Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->articles)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->starred(true), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 1]])));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->label(1088), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 2]])));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->unread(true), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 3]])));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->label(1088)->unread(true), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 4]])));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->subscription(42)->starred(true), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 5]])));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->subscription(42)->annotated(true), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 6]])));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->limit(5), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 7]])));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->offset(2), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 8]])));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->limit(5)->offset(2), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 9]])));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->oldestArticle(48), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 10]])));
         $out1 = [
             $this->respErr("INCORRECT_USAGE"),
             $this->respGood([]),
@@ -1483,9 +1487,9 @@ LONG_STRING;
             $this->assertResponse($out1[$a], $this->req($in1[$a]), "Test $a failed");
         }
         for ($a = 0; $a < sizeof($in2); $a++) {
-            Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->unread(false)->markedSince(Date::sub("PT24H")), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 1001]]));
-            Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->unread(true)->modifiedSince(Date::sub("PT24H")), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 1002]]));
-            Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->unread(true)->modifiedSince(Date::sub("PT24H"))->starred(true), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result([['id' => 1003]]));
+            Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->unread(false)->markedSince(Date::sub("PT24H")), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 1001]])));
+            Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->unread(true)->modifiedSince(Date::sub("PT24H")), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 1002]])));
+            Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList($this->anything(), (clone $c)->unread(true)->modifiedSince(Date::sub("PT24H"))->starred(true), Database::LIST_MINIMAL)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v([['id' => 1003]])));
             $this->assertResponse($out2[$a], $this->req($in2[$a]), "Test $a failed");
         }
     }
@@ -1531,10 +1535,10 @@ LONG_STRING;
             ['op' => "getHeadlines", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx", 'feed_id' => -3],
             ['op' => "getHeadlines", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx", 'feed_id' => -3, 'view_mode' => "marked"],
         ];
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->labels));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything(), false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->usedLabels));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->labels)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything(), false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->usedLabels)));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleLabelsGet->thenReturn([]);
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleLabelsGet($this->anything(), 2112)->thenReturn([1,3]);
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleLabelsGet($this->anything(), 2112)->thenReturn($this->v([1,3]));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleCategoriesGet->thenReturn([]);
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleCategoriesGet($this->anything(), 2112)->thenReturn(["Boring","Illogical"]);
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList->thenReturn($this->generateHeadlines(0));
@@ -1616,10 +1620,10 @@ LONG_STRING;
             ['op' => "getHeadlines", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx", 'feed_id' => 42, 'skip' => 47, 'include_header' => true, 'order_by' => "date_reverse"],
             ['op' => "getHeadlines", 'sid' => "PriestsOfSyrinx", 'feed_id' => -4, 'show_excerpt' => true],
         ];
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->labels));
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything(), false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->usedLabels));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything())->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->labels)));
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->labelList($this->anything(), false)->thenReturn(new Result($this->v($this->usedLabels)));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleLabelsGet->thenReturn([]);
-        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleLabelsGet($this->anything(), 2112)->thenReturn([1,3]);
+        Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleLabelsGet($this->anything(), 2112)->thenReturn($this->v([1,3]));
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleCategoriesGet->thenReturn([]);
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleCategoriesGet($this->anything(), 2112)->thenReturn(["Boring","Illogical"]);
         Phake::when(Arsse::$db)->articleList->thenReturn($this->generateHeadlines(1));
@@ -1720,7 +1724,7 @@ LONG_STRING;
     }
 
     protected function generateHeadlines(int $id): Result {
-        return new Result([
+        return new Result($this->v([
             [
                 'id' => $id,
                 'url' => 'http://example.com/1',
@@ -1761,7 +1765,7 @@ LONG_STRING;
                 'media_type' => "text/plain",
                 'note' => "Note 2",
             ],
-        ]);
+        ]));
     }
 
     protected function outputHeadlines(int $id): Response {
diff --git a/tests/cases/User/TestAuthorization.php b/tests/cases/User/TestAuthorization.php
index 5692f01..088f674 100644
--- a/tests/cases/User/TestAuthorization.php
+++ b/tests/cases/User/TestAuthorization.php
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\TestCase\User;
 
-
 use JKingWeb\Arsse\Arsse;
 use JKingWeb\Arsse\Conf;
 use JKingWeb\Arsse\User;
diff --git a/tests/lib/AbstractTest.php b/tests/lib/AbstractTest.php
index 85bb0eb..dd63b4d 100644
--- a/tests/lib/AbstractTest.php
+++ b/tests/lib/AbstractTest.php
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ abstract class AbstractTest extends \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase {
     public function approximateTime($exp, $act) {
         if (is_null($act)) {
             return null;
+        } elseif (is_null($exp)) {
+            return $act;
         }
         $target = Date::normalize($exp)->getTimeStamp();
         $value = Date::normalize($act)->getTimeStamp();
diff --git a/tests/lib/Database/DriverSQLite3.php b/tests/lib/Database/DriverSQLite3.php
index 04dc887..1b76eea 100644
--- a/tests/lib/Database/DriverSQLite3.php
+++ b/tests/lib/Database/DriverSQLite3.php
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\Driver;
 
 trait DriverSQLite3 {
     public function setUpDriver() {
-        if (!extension_loaded("sqlite3")) {
+        if (!Driver::requirementsMet()) {
             $this->markTestSkipped("SQLite extension not loaded");
         }
         Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = ":memory:";
diff --git a/tests/lib/Database/DriverSQLite3PDO.php b/tests/lib/Database/DriverSQLite3PDO.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c52bd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lib/Database/DriverSQLite3PDO.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database;
+
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Arsse;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\SQLite3\PDODriver;
+
+trait DriverSQLite3PDO {
+    public function setUpDriver() {
+        if (!PDODriver::requirementsMet()) {
+            $this->markTestSkipped("PDO-SQLite extension not loaded");
+        }
+        Arsse::$conf->dbSQLite3File = ":memory:";
+        $this->drv = new PDODriver();
+    }
+
+    public function nextID(string $table): int {
+        return (int) $this->drv->query("SELECT (case when max(id) then max(id) else 0 end)+1 from $table")->getValue();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/lib/Database/SeriesArticle.php b/tests/lib/Database/SeriesArticle.php
index 8226711..7ffae2d 100644
--- a/tests/lib/Database/SeriesArticle.php
+++ b/tests/lib/Database/SeriesArticle.php
@@ -888,8 +888,8 @@ trait SeriesArticle {
     public function testFetchStarredCounts() {
         $exp1 = ['total' => 2, 'unread' => 1, 'read' => 1];
         $exp2 = ['total' => 0, 'unread' => 0, 'read' => 0];
-        $this->assertSame($exp1, Arsse::$db->articleStarred("john.doe@example.com"));
-        $this->assertSame($exp2, Arsse::$db->articleStarred("jane.doe@example.com"));
+        $this->assertEquals($exp1, Arsse::$db->articleStarred("john.doe@example.com"));
+        $this->assertEquals($exp2, Arsse::$db->articleStarred("jane.doe@example.com"));
     }
 
     public function testFetchStarredCountsWithoutAuthority() {
diff --git a/tests/lib/Database/SeriesFeed.php b/tests/lib/Database/SeriesFeed.php
index e605bd4..fcfaf6b 100644
--- a/tests/lib/Database/SeriesFeed.php
+++ b/tests/lib/Database/SeriesFeed.php
@@ -256,9 +256,9 @@ trait SeriesFeed {
     }
 
     public function testListStaleFeeds() {
-        $this->assertSame([1,3,4], Arsse::$db->feedListStale());
+        $this->assertEquals([1,3,4], Arsse::$db->feedListStale());
         Arsse::$db->feedUpdate(3);
         Arsse::$db->feedUpdate(4);
-        $this->assertSame([1], Arsse::$db->feedListStale());
+        $this->assertEquals([1], Arsse::$db->feedListStale());
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/lib/Database/Setup.php b/tests/lib/Database/Setup.php
index c2f3234..c9b982f 100644
--- a/tests/lib/Database/Setup.php
+++ b/tests/lib/Database/Setup.php
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use JKingWeb\Arsse\User\Driver as UserDriver;
 use JKingWeb\Arsse\Arsse;
 use JKingWeb\Arsse\Conf;
 use JKingWeb\Arsse\User;
+use JKingWeb\Arsse\Misc\ValueInfo;
 use JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Database;
 use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\Result;
 use Phake;
@@ -90,8 +91,19 @@ trait Setup {
                 $row = array_combine($cols, $row);
                 foreach ($data as $index => $test) {
                     foreach ($test as $col => $value) {
-                        if ($types[$col]=="datetime") {
-                            $test[$col] = $this->approximateTime($row[$col], $value);
+                        switch ($types[$col]) {
+                            case "datetime":
+                                $test[$col] = $this->approximateTime($row[$col], $value);
+                                break;
+                            case "int":
+                                $test[$col] = ValueInfo::normalize($value, ValueInfo::T_INT | ValueInfo::M_DROP | valueInfo::M_NULL);
+                                break;
+                            case "float":
+                                $test[$col] = ValueInfo::normalize($value, ValueInfo::T_FLOAT | ValueInfo::M_DROP | valueInfo::M_NULL);
+                                break;
+                            case "bool":
+                                $test[$col] = (int) ValueInfo::normalize($value, ValueInfo::T_BOOL | ValueInfo::M_DROP | valueInfo::M_NULL);
+                                break;
                         }
                     }
                     if ($row===$test) {
diff --git a/tests/lib/Db/BindingTests.php b/tests/lib/Db/BindingTests.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ba5ff3..0000000
--- a/tests/lib/Db/BindingTests.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,253 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-/** @license MIT
- * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
- * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\Test\Db;
-
-use JKingWeb\Arsse\Db\Statement;
-
-trait BindingTests {
-    public function testBindNull() {
-        $input = null;
-        $exp = [
-            "null"      => null,
-            "integer"   => null,
-            "float"     => null,
-            "date"      => null,
-            "time"      => null,
-            "datetime"  => null,
-            "binary"    => null,
-            "string"    => null,
-            "boolean"   => null,
-        ];
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp);
-        // types may also be strict (e.g. "strict integer") and never pass null to the database; this is useful for NOT NULL columns
-        // only null input should yield different results, so only this test has different expectations
-        $exp = [
-            "null"      => null,
-            "integer"   => 0,
-            "float"     => 0.0,
-            "date"      => gmdate("Y-m-d", 0),
-            "time"      => gmdate("H:i:s", 0),
-            "datetime"  => gmdate("Y-m-d H:i:s", 0),
-            "binary"    => "",
-            "string"    => "",
-            "boolean"   => 0,
-        ];
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp, true);
-    }
-
-    public function testBindTrue() {
-        $input = true;
-        $exp = [
-            "null"      => null,
-            "integer"   => 1,
-            "float"     => 1.0,
-            "date"      => null,
-            "time"      => null,
-            "datetime"  => null,
-            "binary"    => "1",
-            "string"    => "1",
-            "boolean"   => 1,
-        ];
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp);
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp, true);
-    }
-
-    public function testBindFalse() {
-        $input = false;
-        $exp = [
-            "null"      => null,
-            "integer"   => 0,
-            "float"     => 0.0,
-            "date"      => null,
-            "time"      => null,
-            "datetime"  => null,
-            "binary"    => "",
-            "string"    => "",
-            "boolean"   => 0,
-        ];
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp);
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp, true);
-    }
-
-    public function testBindInteger() {
-        $input = 2112;
-        $exp = [
-            "null"      => null,
-            "integer"   => 2112,
-            "float"     => 2112.0,
-            "date"      => gmdate("Y-m-d", 2112),
-            "time"      => gmdate("H:i:s", 2112),
-            "datetime"  => gmdate("Y-m-d H:i:s", 2112),
-            "binary"    => "2112",
-            "string"    => "2112",
-            "boolean"   => 1,
-        ];
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp);
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp, true);
-    }
-
-    public function testBindIntegerZero() {
-        $input = 0;
-        $exp = [
-            "null"      => null,
-            "integer"   => 0,
-            "float"     => 0.0,
-            "date"      => gmdate("Y-m-d", 0),
-            "time"      => gmdate("H:i:s", 0),
-            "datetime"  => gmdate("Y-m-d H:i:s", 0),
-            "binary"    => "0",
-            "string"    => "0",
-            "boolean"   => 0,
-        ];
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp);
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp, true);
-    }
-
-    public function testBindFloat() {
-        $input = 2112.0;
-        $exp = [
-            "null"      => null,
-            "integer"   => 2112,
-            "float"     => 2112.0,
-            "date"      => gmdate("Y-m-d", 2112),
-            "time"      => gmdate("H:i:s", 2112),
-            "datetime"  => gmdate("Y-m-d H:i:s", 2112),
-            "binary"    => "2112",
-            "string"    => "2112",
-            "boolean"   => 1,
-        ];
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp);
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp, true);
-    }
-
-    public function testBindFloatZero() {
-        $input = 0.0;
-        $exp = [
-            "null"      => null,
-            "integer"   => 0,
-            "float"     => 0.0,
-            "date"      => gmdate("Y-m-d", 0),
-            "time"      => gmdate("H:i:s", 0),
-            "datetime"  => gmdate("Y-m-d H:i:s", 0),
-            "binary"    => "0",
-            "string"    => "0",
-            "boolean"   => 0,
-        ];
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp);
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp, true);
-    }
-
-    public function testBindAsciiString() {
-        $input = "Random string";
-        $exp = [
-            "null"      => null,
-            "integer"   => 0,
-            "float"     => 0.0,
-            "date"      => null,
-            "time"      => null,
-            "datetime"  => null,
-            "binary"    => $input,
-            "string"    => $input,
-            "boolean"   => 1,
-        ];
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp);
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp, true);
-    }
-
-    public function testBindUtf8String() {
-        $input = "é";
-        $exp = [
-            "null"      => null,
-            "integer"   => 0,
-            "float"     => 0.0,
-            "date"      => null,
-            "time"      => null,
-            "datetime"  => null,
-            "binary"    => $input,
-            "string"    => $input,
-            "boolean"   => 1,
-        ];
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp);
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp, true);
-    }
-
-    public function testBindBinaryString() {
-        // FIXME: This test may be unreliable; SQLite happily stores invalid UTF-8 text as bytes untouched, but other engines probably don't do this
-        $input = chr(233);
-        $exp = [
-            "null"      => null,
-            "integer"   => 0,
-            "float"     => 0.0,
-            "date"      => null,
-            "time"      => null,
-            "datetime"  => null,
-            "binary"    => $input,
-            "string"    => $input,
-            "boolean"   => 1,
-        ];
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp);
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp, true);
-    }
-
-    public function testBindIso8601DateString() {
-        $input = "2017-01-09T13:11:17";
-        $time = strtotime($input." UTC");
-        $exp = [
-            "null"      => null,
-            "integer"   => 2017,
-            "float"     => 2017.0,
-            "date"      => gmdate("Y-m-d", $time),
-            "time"      => gmdate("H:i:s", $time),
-            "datetime"  => gmdate("Y-m-d H:i:s", $time),
-            "binary"    => $input,
-            "string"    => $input,
-            "boolean"   => 1,
-        ];
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp);
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp, true);
-    }
-
-    public function testBindArbitraryDateString() {
-        $input = "Today";
-        $time = date_create($input, new \DateTimezone("UTC"))->getTimestamp();
-        $exp = [
-            "null"      => null,
-            "integer"   => 0,
-            "float"     => 0.0,
-            "date"      => gmdate("Y-m-d", $time),
-            "time"      => gmdate("H:i:s", $time),
-            "datetime"  => gmdate("Y-m-d H:i:s", $time),
-            "binary"    => $input,
-            "string"    => $input,
-            "boolean"   => 1,
-        ];
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp);
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp, true);
-    }
-
-    public function testBindMutableDateObject($class = '\DateTime') {
-        $input = new $class("Noon Today");
-        $time = $input->getTimestamp();
-        $exp = [
-            "null"      => null,
-            "integer"   => $time,
-            "float"     => (float) $time,
-            "date"      => gmdate("Y-m-d", $time),
-            "time"      => gmdate("H:i:s", $time),
-            "datetime"  => gmdate("Y-m-d H:i:s", $time),
-            "binary"    => gmdate("Y-m-d H:i:s", $time),
-            "string"    => gmdate("Y-m-d H:i:s", $time),
-            "boolean"   => 1,
-        ];
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp);
-        $this->checkBinding($input, $exp, true);
-    }
-
-    public function testBindImmutableDateObject() {
-        $this->testBindMutableDateObject('\DateTimeImmutable');
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tests/lib/PDOTest.php b/tests/lib/PDOTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3013734
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lib/PDOTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+/** @license MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 J. King, Dustin Wilson et al.
+ * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+namespace JKingWeb\Arsse\Test;
+
+trait PDOTest {
+    protected function v($value) {
+        if (!is_array($value)) {
+            return $value;
+        }
+        foreach($value as $k => $v) {
+            if (is_array($v)) {
+                $value[$k] = $this->v($v);
+            } elseif (is_int($v) || is_float($v)) {
+                $value[$k] = (string) $v;
+            }
+        }
+        return $value;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/phpunit.xml b/tests/phpunit.xml
index 8ffa2b6..0c814a8 100644
--- a/tests/phpunit.xml
+++ b/tests/phpunit.xml
@@ -52,6 +52,12 @@
         <file>cases/Db/SQLite3/TestCreation.php</file>
         <file>cases/Db/SQLite3/TestDriver.php</file>
         <file>cases/Db/SQLite3/TestUpdate.php</file>
+
+        <file>cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestResult.php</file>
+        <file>cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestStatement.php</file>
+        <file>cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestCreation.php</file>
+        <file>cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestDriver.php</file>
+        <file>cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/TestUpdate.php</file>
     </testsuite>
     <testsuite name="Database functions">
         <file>cases/Db/SQLite3/Database/TestMiscellany.php</file>
@@ -64,15 +70,28 @@
         <file>cases/Db/SQLite3/Database/TestArticle.php</file>
         <file>cases/Db/SQLite3/Database/TestLabel.php</file>
         <file>cases/Db/SQLite3/Database/TestCleanup.php</file>
+
+        <file>cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestMiscellany.php</file>
+        <file>cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestMeta.php</file>
+        <file>cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestUser.php</file>
+        <file>cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestSession.php</file>
+        <file>cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestFolder.php</file>
+        <file>cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestFeed.php</file>
+        <file>cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestSubscription.php</file>
+        <file>cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestArticle.php</file>
+        <file>cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestLabel.php</file>
+        <file>cases/Db/SQLite3PDO/Database/TestCleanup.php</file>
     </testsuite>
     <testsuite name="Controllers">
         <testsuite name="NCNv1">
             <file>cases/REST/NextCloudNews/TestVersions.php</file>
             <file>cases/REST/NextCloudNews/TestV1_2.php</file>
+            <file>cases/REST/NextCloudNews/PDO/TestV1_2.php</file>
         </testsuite>
         <testsuite name="TTRSS">
             <file>cases/REST/TinyTinyRSS/TestAPI.php</file>
             <file>cases/REST/TinyTinyRSS/TestIcon.php</file>
+            <file>cases/REST/TinyTinyRSS/PDO/TestAPI.php</file>
         </testsuite>
     </testsuite>
     <testsuite name="Refresh service">