<?php
/** @license MIT
 * Copyright 2018 J. King et al.
 * See LICENSE and AUTHORS files for details */

declare(strict_types=1);
namespace MensBeam\Intl\Encoding;

class UTF8 {
    const MODE_NULL = 0;
    const MODE_REPLACE = 1;
    const MODE_HTML = 2;
    const MODE_FATAL_DEC = 3;
    const MODE_FATAL_ENC = 4;

    const E_INVALID_CODE_POINT = 1;
    const E_INVALID_BYTE = 2;
    const E_INVALID_MODE = 3;

    const NAME = "UTF-8";
    const LABELS = ["unicode-1-1-utf-8", "utf-8", "utf8"];

    protected $string;
    protected $posByte = 0;
    protected $posChar = 0;
    protected $lenByte = null;
    protected $lenChar = null;
    protected $errMode = self::MODE_REPLACE;

    public function __construct(string $string, bool $fatal = false) {
        $this->string = $string;
        $this->lenByte = strlen($string);
        $this->errMode = $fatal ? self::MODE_FATAL_DEC : self::MODE_REPLACE;
    }

    /** Returns the current byte position of the decoder */
    public function posByte(): int {
        return $this->posByte;
    }

    /** Returns the current character position of the decoder */
    public function posChar(): int {
        return $this->posChar;
    }

    /** Retrieve the next character in the string, in UTF-8 encoding
     *
     * The returned character may be a replacement character, or the empty string if the end of the string has been reached
     */
    public function nextChar(): string {
        // get the byte at the current position
        $b = @$this->string[$this->posByte];
        if ($b === "") {
            return "";
        } elseif (ord($b) < 0x80) {
            // if the byte is an ASCII character or end of input, simply return it
            $this->posChar++;
            $this->posByte++;
            return $b;
        } else {
            // otherwise return the serialization of the code point at the current position
            return UTF8::encode($this->nextCode());
        }
    }

    /** Decodes the next character from the string and returns its code point number
     *
     * If the end of the string has been reached, false is returned
     *
     * @return int|bool
     */
    public function nextCode() {
        // this function effectively implements https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#utf-8-decoder
        // optimization for ASCII characters
        $b = @$this->string[$this->posByte];
        if ($b === "") {
            return false;
        } elseif (($b = ord($b)) < 0x80) {
            $this->posChar++;
            $this->posByte++;
            return $b;
        }
        $this->posChar++;
        $point = 0;
        $seen = 0;
        $needed = 1;
        $lower = 0x80;
        $upper = 0xBF;
        while ($seen < $needed) {
            $b = ord(@$this->string[$this->posByte++]);
            if (!$seen) {
                if ($b >= 0xC2 && $b <= 0xDF) { // two-byte character
                    $needed = 2;
                    $point = $b & 0x1F;
                } elseif ($b >= 0xE0 && $b <= 0xEF) { // three-byte character
                    $needed = 3;
                    if ($b==0xE0) {
                        $lower = 0xA0;
                    } elseif ($b==0xED) {
                        $upper = 0x9F;
                    }
                    $point = $b & 0xF;
                } elseif ($b >= 0xF0 && $b <= 0xF4) { // four-byte character
                    $needed = 4;
                    if ($b==0xF0) {
                        $lower = 0x90;
                    } elseif ($b==0xF4) {
                        $upper = 0x8F;
                    }
                    $point = $b & 0x7;
                } else { // invalid byte
                    return self::err($this->errMode, [$this->posChar, $this->posByte]);
                }
            } elseif ($b < $lower || $b > $upper) {
                return self::err($this->errMode, [$this->posChar, $this->posByte--]);
            } else {
                $lower = 0x80;
                $upper = 0xBF;
                $point = ($point << 6) | ($b & 0x3F);
            }
            $seen++;
        }
        return $point;
    }

    /** Returns the UTF-8 encoding of $codePoint
     *
     * If $codePoint is less than 0 or greater than 1114111, an exception is thrown
     */
    public static function encode(int $codePoint, bool $fatal = true): string {
        // this function implements https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#utf-8-encoder
        if ($codePoint < 0 || $codePoint > 0x10FFFF) {
            throw new EncoderException("Encountered code point outside Unicode range ($codePoint)", self::E_INVALID_CODE_POINT);
        } elseif ($codePoint < 128) {
            return chr($codePoint);
        } elseif ($codePoint < 0x800) {
            $count = 1;
            $offset = 0xC0;
        } elseif ($codePoint < 0x10000) {
            $count = 2;
            $offset = 0xE0;
        } else {
            $count = 3;
            $offset = 0xF0;
        }
        $bytes = chr(($codePoint >> (6 * $count)) + $offset);
        while ($count > 0) {
            $bytes .= chr(0x80 | (($codePoint >> (6 * ($count - 1))) & 0x3F));
            $count--;
        }
        return $bytes;
    }

    /** Advance $distance characters through the string
     *
     * If $distance is negative, the operation will be performed in reverse
     *
     * If the end (or beginning) of the string was reached before the end of the operation, the remaining number of requested characters is returned
     */
    public function seek(int $distance): int {
        if ($distance > 0) {
            if ($this->posByte == strlen($this->string)) {
                // if we're already at the end of the string, we can't go further
                return $distance;
            }
            do {
                // get the next code point; this automatically increments the character position
                $p = $this->nextCode();
            } while (--$distance && $p !== false); // stop after we have skipped the desired number of characters, or reached EOF
            return $distance;
        } elseif ($distance < 0) {
            $distance = abs($distance);
            if (!$this->posByte) {
                // if we're already at the start of the string, we can't go further back
                return $distance;
            }
            $mode = $this->errMode;
            $this->errMode = self::MODE_NULL;
            do {
                $this->sync($this->posByte - 1);
                // manually decrement the character position
                $this->posChar--;
            } while (--$distance && $this->posByte);
            $this->errMode = $mode;
            return $distance;
        } else {
            return 0;
        }
    }

    /** Seeks to the start of the string
     *
     * This is usually faster than using the seek method for the same purpose
    */
    public function rewind() {
        $this->posByte = 0;
        $this->posChar = 0;
    }

    /** Retrieves the next $num characters (in UTF-8 encoding) from the string without advancing the character pointer */
    public function peekChar(int $num = 1): string {
        $out = "";
        $state = $this->stateSave();
        try {
            while ($num-- > 0 && ($b = $this->nextChar()) !== "") {
                $out .= $b;
            }
        } finally {
            $this->stateApply($state);
        }
        return $out;
    }

    /** Retrieves the next $num code points from the string, without advancing the character pointer */
    public function peekCode(int $num = 1): array {
        $out = [];
        $state = $this->stateSave();
        try {
            while ($num-- > 0 && ($b = $this->nextCode()) !== false) {
                $out[] = $b;
            }
        } finally {
            $this->stateApply($state);
        }
        return $out;
    }

    /** Calculates the length of the string in code points
     *
     * Note that this may involve processing to the end of the string
    */
    public function len(): int {
        return $this->lenChar ?? (function() {
            $state = $this->stateSave();
            while ($this->nextCode() !== false);
            $this->lenChar = $this->posChar;
            $this->stateApply($state);
            return $this->lenChar;
        })();
    }

    /** Generates an iterator which steps through each character in the string */
    public function chars(): \Generator {
        while (($c = $this->nextChar()) !== "") {
            yield ($this->posChar - 1) => $c;
        }
    }

    /** Generates an iterator which steps through each code point in the string  */
    public function codes(): \Generator {
        while (($c = $this->nextCode()) !== false) {
            yield ($this->posChar - 1) => $c;
        }
    }

    /** Synchronize to the byte offset of the start of the nearest character at or before byte offset $pos */
    protected function sync(int $pos) {
        $b = ord(@$this->string[$pos]);
        if ($b < 0x80) {
            // if the byte is an ASCII byte or the end of input, then this is already a synchronized position
            $this->posByte = $pos;
        } else {
            $s = $pos;
            while ($b >= 0x80 && $b <= 0xBF && $pos > 0 && ($s - $pos) < 3) { // go back at most three bytes, no further than the start of the string, and only as long as the byte remains a continuation byte
                $b = ord(@$this->string[--$pos]);
            }
            $this->posByte = $pos;
            // decrement the character position because nextCode() increments it
            $this->posChar--;
            if (is_null($this->nextCode())) {
                $this->posByte = $s;
            } else {
                $this->posByte = ($this->posByte > $s) ? $pos : $s;
            }
        }
    }

    /** Returns a copy of the decoder's state to keep in memory */
    protected function stateSave(): array {
        return [
            'posChar' => $this->posChar,
            'posByte' => $this->posByte,
        ];
    }

    /** Sets the decoder's state to the values specified */
    protected function stateApply(array $state) {
        foreach ($state as $key => $value) {
            $this->$key = $value;
        }
    }

    /** Handles decoding and encoding errors */
    protected static function err(int $mode, $data = null) {
        switch ($mode) {
            case self::MODE_NULL:
                // used internally during backward seeking
                return null;
            case self::MODE_REPLACE:
                // standard "replace" mode
                return 0xFFFD;
            case self::MODE_HTML: // @codeCoverageIgnore
                // the "html" replacement mode; not applicable to Unicode transformation formats
                return "&#".(string) $data.";"; // @codeCoverageIgnore
            case self::MODE_FATAL_DEC:
                // fatal replacement mode for decoders
                throw new DecoderException("Invalid code sequence at character offset {$data[0]} (byte offset {$data[1]})", self::E_INVALID_BYTE);
            case self::MODE_FATAL_ENC: // @codeCoverageIgnore
                // fatal replacement mode for decoders; not applicable to Unicode transformation formats
                throw new EncoderException("Code point $data not available in target encoding", self::E_INVALID_BYTE); // @codeCoverageIgnore
            default:
                // indicative of internal bug; should never be triggered
                throw new DecoderException("Invalid replacement mode {$mode}", self::E_INVALID_MODE); // @codeCoverageIgnore
        }
    }
}