diff --git a/lib/Grammar.php b/lib/Grammar.php
index 0d1dc6a..74dbdc8 100644
--- a/lib/Grammar.php
+++ b/lib/Grammar.php
@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace dW\Lit;
 use dW\Lit\Grammar\{
     BaseReference,
-    ChildGrammarRegistry,
     Exception,
-    FauxReadOnly,
     GrammarReference,
     Pattern,
     Reference,
@@ -27,49 +25,17 @@ class Grammar {
     protected ?string $_contentName;
     protected ?array $_injections;
     protected ?string $_name;
-    protected ?\WeakReference $_ownerGrammar;
     protected ?array $_patterns;
     protected ?array $_repository;
     protected ?string $_scopeName;
 
 
-    public function __construct(?string $scopeName = null, ?array $patterns = null, ?string $name = null, ?array $injections = null, ?array $repository = null, ?Grammar $ownerGrammar = null) {
+    public function __construct(?string $scopeName = null, ?array $patterns = null, ?string $name = null, ?array $injections = null, ?array $repository = null) {
         $this->_name = $name;
         $this->_scopeName = $scopeName;
         $this->_patterns = $patterns;
         $this->_injections = $injections;
         $this->_repository = $repository;
-        $this->_ownerGrammar = (is_null($ownerGrammar)) ? null : \WeakReference::create($ownerGrammar);
-    }
-
-    // Used when adopting to change the $ownerGrammar property.
-    public function withOwnerGrammar(Grammar $ownerGrammar): self {
-        if ($new = ChildGrammarRegistry::get($this->_scopeName, $ownerGrammar)) {
-            return $new;
-        }
-
-        $new = clone $this;
-        if ($new->_patterns !== null) {
-            foreach ($new->_patterns as &$p) {
-                $p = $p->withOwnerGrammar($new);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if ($new->_injections !== null) {
-            foreach ($new->_injections as &$i) {
-                $i = $i->withOwnerGrammar($new);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if ($new->_repository !== null) {
-            foreach ($new->_repository as &$r) {
-                $r = $r->withOwnerGrammar($new);
-            }
-        }
-
-        $new->_ownerGrammar = \WeakReference::create($ownerGrammar);
-        ChildGrammarRegistry::set($this->_scopeName, $new);
-        return $new;
     }
 
 
@@ -105,7 +71,7 @@ class Grammar {
         }
         $this->_repository = $repository;
 
-        $this->_patterns = $this->parseJSONPatternList($json['patterns'], $filename);
+        $this->_patterns = $this->parseJSONPatternArray($json['patterns'], $filename);
 
         $injections = null;
         if (isset($json['injections'])) {
@@ -122,18 +88,17 @@ class Grammar {
     protected function parseJSONPattern(array $pattern, string $filename): Pattern|Reference|null {
         if (isset($pattern['include'])) {
             if ($pattern['include'][0] === '#') {
-                return new RepositoryReference(substr($pattern['include'], 1), $this);
+                return new RepositoryReference(substr($pattern['include'], 1), $this->_scopeName);
             } elseif ($pattern['include'] === '$base') {
-                return new BaseReference($this);
+                return new BaseReference($this->_scopeName);
             } elseif ($pattern['include'] === '$self') {
-                return new SelfReference($this);
+                return new SelfReference($this->_scopeName);
             } else {
-                return new GrammarReference($pattern['include'], $this);
+                return new GrammarReference($pattern['include'], $this->_scopeName);
             }
         }
 
         $p = [
-            'ownerGrammar' => $this,
             'name' => null,
             'contentName' => null,
             'match' => null,
@@ -255,7 +220,7 @@ class Grammar {
                         throw new Exception(Exception::JSON_INVALID_TYPE, 'Array', $key, gettype($value), $filename);
                     }
 
-                    $p[$key] = $this->parseJSONPatternList($value, $filename);
+                    $p[$key] = $this->parseJSONPatternArray($value, $filename);
                     $modified = true;
                 break;
             }
@@ -264,7 +229,7 @@ class Grammar {
         return ($modified) ? new Pattern(...$p) : null;
     }
 
-    protected function parseJSONPatternList(array $list, string $filename): ?array {
+    protected function parseJSONPatternArray(array $list, string $filename): ?array {
         $result = [];
         foreach ($list as $pattern) {
             $p = $this->parseJSONPattern($pattern, $filename);
diff --git a/lib/Grammar/BaseReference.php b/lib/Grammar/BaseReference.php
index 4d16b02..c48b3b0 100644
--- a/lib/Grammar/BaseReference.php
+++ b/lib/Grammar/BaseReference.php
@@ -5,26 +5,10 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace dW\Lit\Grammar;
-use dW\Lit\Grammar;
 
 /**
- * Acts as a sort of lazy weak reference for a base grammar in a grammar.
+ * Base references in this implementation are simply used as a type. The
+ * tokenizer stores the base grammar because it's simply the lowest item on the
+ * stack and simply uses it when encountering a Base reference.
  */
-class BaseReference extends Reference {
-    protected ?\WeakReference $object;
-
-
-    public function get(): Grammar {
-        if ($this->object !== null) {
-            return $this->object->get();
-        }
-
-        $grammar = $this->_ownerGrammar->get();
-        do {
-            $result = $grammar;
-        } while ($grammar = $grammar->ownerGrammar);
-
-        $this->object = $result;
-        return $result->get();
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+class BaseReference extends Reference {}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/Grammar/ChildGrammarRegistry.php b/lib/Grammar/ChildGrammarRegistry.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 13fb84e..0000000
--- a/lib/Grammar/ChildGrammarRegistry.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-/** @license MIT
- * Copyright 2021 Dustin Wilson et al.
- * See LICENSE file for details */
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-namespace dW\Lit\Grammar;
-use dW\Lit\Grammar;
-
-
-/**
- * Static storage for child grammars; a map of a scope string and a Grammar
- * object and checked against an owner grammar. Exists to prevent multiple clones
- * of the same grammar from being created and also to give weak references a
- * place in memory to access.
- */
-class ChildGrammarRegistry {
-    protected static array $storage = [];
-
-    public static function clear(): bool {
-        self::$storage = [];
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    public static function get(string $scopeName, Grammar $ownerGrammar): ?Grammar {
-        if (!array_key_exists($scopeName, self::$storage)) {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        $grammars = self::$storage[$scopeName];
-        foreach ($grammars as $g) {
-            if ($g->ownerGrammar === $ownerGrammar) {
-                return $g;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public static function set(string $scopeName, Grammar $grammar): bool {
-        try {
-            if (!array_key_exists($scopeName, self::$storage)) {
-                self::$storage[$scopeName] = [ $grammar ];
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            $grammars = self::$storage[$scopeName];
-            foreach ($grammars as $key => $value) {
-                if ($value->ownerGrammar === $grammar->ownerGrammar) {
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
-
-            self::$storage[$scopeName][] = $grammar;
-        } catch (\Exception $e) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/Grammar/Exception.php b/lib/Grammar/Exception.php
index 63acf02..e43d662 100644
--- a/lib/Grammar/Exception.php
+++ b/lib/Grammar/Exception.php
@@ -25,10 +25,6 @@ class Exception extends \Exception {
     const JSON_MISSING_PROPERTY = 210;
     const JSON_INVALID_TYPE = 211;
 
-    const LIST_IMMUTABLE = 300;
-    const LIST_INVALID_INDEX = 301;
-    const LIST_INVALID_TYPE = 302;
-
     const GRAMMAR_MISSING = 400;
 
     protected static $messages = [
@@ -50,11 +46,7 @@ class Exception extends \Exception {
         210 => '"%1$s" does not have the required %2$s property',
         211 => '%1$s expected for %2$s, found %3$s in "%4$s"',
 
-        300 => '%s is immutable',
-        301 => 'Invalid %1$s index at offset %2$s',
-        302 => '%1$s expected for %2$s, found %3$s',
-
-        400 => 'A grammar for scope %s does not exist; one may be added using GrammarRegistry::set'
+        300 => 'A grammar for scope %s does not exist; one may be added using GrammarRegistry::set'
     ];
 
     public function __construct(int $code, ...$args) {
diff --git a/lib/Grammar/FauxReadOnly.php b/lib/Grammar/FauxReadOnly.php
deleted file mode 100644
index af4a6fd..0000000
--- a/lib/Grammar/FauxReadOnly.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-/** @license MIT
- * Copyright 2021 Dustin Wilson et al.
- * See LICENSE file for details */
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-namespace dW\Lit\Grammar;
-
-
-trait FauxReadOnly {
-    public function __get(string $name) {
-        $prop = "_$name";
-        $exists = property_exists($this, $prop);
-        if ($name === 'ownerGrammar' && $exists) {
-            return $this->_ownerGrammar->get();
-        }
-
-        if (!$exists) {
-            $trace = debug_backtrace();
-            trigger_error("Cannot get undefined property $name in {$trace[0]['file']} on line {$trace[0]['line']}", E_USER_NOTICE);
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        return $this->$prop;
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/Grammar/GrammarReference.php b/lib/Grammar/GrammarReference.php
index 8c1c512..ba68f2a 100644
--- a/lib/Grammar/GrammarReference.php
+++ b/lib/Grammar/GrammarReference.php
@@ -5,38 +5,26 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace dW\Lit\Grammar;
-use dW\Lit\Grammar,
-    dW\Lit\GrammarRegistry;
+use dW\Lit\{
+    Grammar,
+    GrammarRegistry
+};
 
 
 /**
- * Acts as a sort of lazy reference for entire grammars in grammars.
+ * Grammar references act as a placeholder for grammars in rule lists
  */
 class GrammarReference extends Reference {
-    protected ?Grammar $object = null;
     protected string $_scopeName;
 
 
-    public function __construct(string $scopeName, Grammar $ownerGrammar) {
+    public function __construct(string $scopeName, string $ownerGrammarScopeName) {
         $this->_scopeName = $scopeName;
-        parent::__construct($ownerGrammar);
+        parent::__construct($ownerGrammarScopeName);
     }
 
 
     public function get(): Grammar {
-        if ($this->object !== null) {
-            return $this->object;
-        } elseif ($this->object === false) {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        $grammar = GrammarRegistry::get($this->_scopeName);
-        if ($grammar === null) {
-            $this->object = false;
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        $this->object = $grammar->withOwnerGrammar($this->_ownerGrammar->get());
-        return $this->object;
+        return GrammarRegistry::get($this->_scopeName);
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/Grammar/NamedPatternList.php b/lib/Grammar/NamedPatternList.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 87339c2..0000000
--- a/lib/Grammar/NamedPatternList.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-/** @license MIT
- * Copyright 2021 Dustin Wilson et al.
- * See LICENSE file for details */
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-namespace dW\Lit\Grammar;
-use dW\Lit\FauxReadOnly;
-
-/** Immutable named pattern list used for repositories and injection lists. */
-abstract class NamedPatternList extends ImmutableList {
-    use FauxReadOnly;
-
-    public function __construct(array $array) {
-        // This shit is here because PHP doesn't have array types or generics :)
-        foreach ($array as $k => $v) {
-            if (!is_string($k)) {
-                throw new Exception(Exception::LIST_INVALID_TYPE, 'String', 'supplied array index', gettype($k));
-            }
-
-            if (!$v instanceof Pattern && !$v instanceof PatternList && !$v instanceof Reference) {
-                $type = gettype($v);
-                if ($type === 'object') {
-                    $type = get_class($v);
-                }
-
-                throw new Exception(Exception::LIST_INVALID_TYPE,  __NAMESPACE__.'\Pattern, '.__NAMESPACE__.'\PatternList, '.__NAMESPACE__.'\Reference', 'supplied array value', $type);
-            }
-        }
-
-        $this->storage = $array;
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/Grammar/Pattern.php b/lib/Grammar/Pattern.php
index 955edb0..1fd4b55 100644
--- a/lib/Grammar/Pattern.php
+++ b/lib/Grammar/Pattern.php
@@ -16,11 +16,10 @@ class Pattern extends Rule {
     protected bool $_endPattern = false;
     protected ?string $_match;
     protected ?string $_name;
-    protected \WeakReference $_ownerGrammar;
     protected ?array $_patterns;
 
 
-    public function __construct(Grammar $ownerGrammar, ?string $name = null, ?string $contentName = null, ?string $match = null, ?array $patterns = null, ?array $captures = null, bool $beginPattern = false, bool $endPattern = false) {
+    public function __construct(?string $name = null, ?string $contentName = null, ?string $match = null, ?array $patterns = null, ?array $captures = null, bool $beginPattern = false, bool $endPattern = false) {
         $this->_beginPattern = $beginPattern;
         $this->_name = $name;
         $this->_contentName = $contentName;
@@ -28,18 +27,5 @@ class Pattern extends Rule {
         $this->_patterns = $patterns;
         $this->_captures = $captures;
         $this->_endPattern = $endPattern;
-        $this->_ownerGrammar = ($ownerGrammar === null) ? null : \WeakReference::create($ownerGrammar);
-    }
-
-    // Used when adopting to change the $ownerGrammar property.
-    public function withOwnerGrammar(Grammar $ownerGrammar): self {
-        $new = parent::withOwnerGrammar($ownerGrammar);
-        if ($new->_patterns !== null) {
-            foreach ($new->_patterns as &$p) {
-                $p = $p->withOwnerGrammar($ownerGrammar);
-            }
-        }
-
-        return $new;
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/Grammar/PatternList.php b/lib/Grammar/PatternList.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b09a50..0000000
--- a/lib/Grammar/PatternList.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-/** @license MIT
- * Copyright 2021 Dustin Wilson et al.
- * See LICENSE file for details */
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-namespace dW\Lit\Grammar;
-use dW\Lit\Grammar;
-
-
-/** Immutable list of pattern rules */
-class PatternList extends ImmutableList {
-    public function __construct(Pattern|Reference|\WeakReference ...$values) {
-        parent::__construct(...$values);
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/Grammar/Reference.php b/lib/Grammar/Reference.php
index 6005654..09c5c70 100644
--- a/lib/Grammar/Reference.php
+++ b/lib/Grammar/Reference.php
@@ -5,7 +5,16 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace dW\Lit\Grammar;
+use dW\Lit\FauxReadOnly;
 
 
 /** Acts as a catch-all type for references */
-abstract class Reference extends Rule {}
\ No newline at end of file
+abstract class Reference extends Rule {
+    use FauxReadOnly;
+    protected string $_ownerGrammarScopeName;
+
+
+    public function __construct(string $ownerGrammarScopeName) {
+        $this->_ownerGrammarScopeName = $ownerGrammarScopeName;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/Grammar/RepositoryReference.php b/lib/Grammar/RepositoryReference.php
index b2f7112..f967004 100644
--- a/lib/Grammar/RepositoryReference.php
+++ b/lib/Grammar/RepositoryReference.php
@@ -5,37 +5,29 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace dW\Lit\Grammar;
-use dW\Lit\Grammar;
+use dW\Lit\GrammarRegistry;
 
 
 /**
- * Acts as a sort of lazy reference for repository items in grammars.
+ * Repository references act as a placeholder for named repository patterns in
+ * rule lists
  */
 class RepositoryReference extends Reference {
     protected string $_name;
-    protected PatternList|Pattern|null|false $object = null;
 
 
-    public function __construct(string $name, Grammar $ownerGrammar) {
+    public function __construct(string $name, string $ownerGrammarScopeName) {
         $this->_name = $name;
-        parent::__construct($ownerGrammar);
+        parent::__construct($ownerGrammarScopeName);
     }
 
 
-    public function get(): PatternList|Pattern|null {
-        if ($this->object === false) {
+    public function get(): ?Pattern {
+        $grammar = GrammarRegistry::get($this->_ownerGrammarScopeName);
+        if ($grammar->repository === null) {
             return null;
-        } elseif ($this->object !== null) {
-            return $this->object;
         }
 
-        $grammar = $this->_ownerGrammar->get();
-        if (!isset($grammar->repository[$this->name])) {
-            $this->object = false;
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        $this->object = $grammar->repository[$this->name];
-        return $this->object;
+        return (isset($grammar->repository[$this->_name])) ? $grammar->repository[$this->_name] : null;
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/Grammar/Rule.php b/lib/Grammar/Rule.php
index f1dd7e7..94e9acd 100644
--- a/lib/Grammar/Rule.php
+++ b/lib/Grammar/Rule.php
@@ -5,26 +5,11 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace dW\Lit\Grammar;
-use dW\Lit\Grammar;
-
+use dW\Lit\FauxReadOnly;
 
 /**
  * Abstract class used as a base class for Pattern and Reference classes
  */
 abstract class Rule {
     use FauxReadOnly;
-    protected \WeakReference $_ownerGrammar;
-
-
-    public function __construct(Grammar $ownerGrammar) {
-        $this->_ownerGrammar = \WeakReference::create($ownerGrammar);
-    }
-
-
-    // Used when adopting to change the $ownerGrammar property.
-    public function withOwnerGrammar(Grammar $ownerGrammar): self {
-        $new = clone $this;
-        $new->_ownerGrammar = \WeakReference::create($ownerGrammar);
-        return $new;
-    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/Grammar/SelfReference.php b/lib/Grammar/SelfReference.php
index 2c6b853..f808b1f 100644
--- a/lib/Grammar/SelfReference.php
+++ b/lib/Grammar/SelfReference.php
@@ -5,16 +5,14 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace dW\Lit\Grammar;
-use dW\Lit\Grammar;
+use dW\Lit\{
+    Grammar,
+    GrammarRegistry
+};
 
-/** A weak reference to a grammar's self. */
+/** A reference to a grammar's self. */
 class SelfReference extends Reference {
-    public function __construct(Grammar $grammar) {
-        parent::__construct($grammar);
-    }
-
-
     public function get(): Grammar {
-        return $this->_ownerGrammar->get();
+        return GrammarRegistry::get($this->_ownerGrammarScopeName);
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/GrammarRegistry.php b/lib/GrammarRegistry.php
index 76e286c..7f4c0d3 100644
--- a/lib/GrammarRegistry.php
+++ b/lib/GrammarRegistry.php
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace dW\Lit;
-use dW\Lit\Grammar\ChildGrammarRegistry;
 
 
 /** Static storage for grammars; a map of a scope string and a Grammar object */
@@ -13,8 +12,6 @@ class GrammarRegistry {
     protected static array $storage = [];
 
     public static function clear(): bool {
-        // Clear all the child grammars, too.
-        ChildGrammarRegistry::clear();
         self::$storage = [];
         return true;
     }
diff --git a/lib/Tokenizer.php b/lib/Tokenizer.php
index 5939397..44e86a4 100644
--- a/lib/Tokenizer.php
+++ b/lib/Tokenizer.php
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace dW\Lit;
 use dW\Lit\Grammar\{
+        BaseReference,
         Pattern,
         Reference,
         RepositoryReference
@@ -112,11 +113,6 @@ class Tokenizer {
                 while (true) {
                     $rule = $currentRules[$i];
 
-                    if ($this->debug === 19 && $this->debugCount === 3) {
-                        $rule->get();
-                        die(var_export($rule->ownerGrammar));
-                    }
-
                     // If the rule is a Pattern
                     if ($rule instanceof Pattern) {
                         // Throw out pattern regexes with anchors that should match the current line.
@@ -158,9 +154,14 @@ class Tokenizer {
                     }
                     // Otherwise, if the rule is a Reference then retrieve its patterns, splice into
                     // the rule list, and reprocess the rule.
-                    elseif ($rule instanceof Reference && $obj = $rule->get()) {
-                        if ($obj instanceof Grammar || ($rule instanceof RepositoryReference && $obj->match === null)) {
-                            $obj = $obj->patterns;
+                    elseif ($rule instanceof Reference) {
+                        if (!$rule instanceof BaseReference) {
+                            $obj = $rule->get();
+                            if ($obj instanceof Grammar || ($rule instanceof RepositoryReference && $obj->match === null)) {
+                                $obj = $obj->patterns;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            $obj = $this->grammar->patterns;
                         }
 
                         array_splice($currentRules, $i, 1, ($obj instanceof Pattern) ? [ $obj ] : $obj);